{"title":"Advances and challenges in immunotherapy and molecular imaging for hepatocellular carcinoma.","authors":"Tu Haibin","doi":"10.1007/s12672-025-03682-x","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality, with advanced disease resistant to conventional therapies. Targeted combined immunotherapy, such as ICIs with TKIs or anti-VEGF agents, has improved outcomes, but heterogeneous responses necessitate predictive biomarkers. Molecular imaging (MRI, PET/CT, CT, CEUS) provides non-invasive tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) insights for stratification and monitoring. This review synthesizes advances, evidencing AUCs > 0.85 in response prediction, while critiquing limitations like artifacts and proposing AI-multimodal fusion. We outline a roadmap for precision oncology, enhancing efficacy and personalization in HCC.</p>","PeriodicalId":11148,"journal":{"name":"Discover. Oncology","volume":"16 1","pages":"1880"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12521690/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Discover. Oncology","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12672-025-03682-x","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality, with advanced disease resistant to conventional therapies. Targeted combined immunotherapy, such as ICIs with TKIs or anti-VEGF agents, has improved outcomes, but heterogeneous responses necessitate predictive biomarkers. Molecular imaging (MRI, PET/CT, CT, CEUS) provides non-invasive tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) insights for stratification and monitoring. This review synthesizes advances, evidencing AUCs > 0.85 in response prediction, while critiquing limitations like artifacts and proposing AI-multimodal fusion. We outline a roadmap for precision oncology, enhancing efficacy and personalization in HCC.
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