Quantification of Heavy Metal Contamination and Assessment of Associated Environmental Risks from E-Waste Recycling in Pakistan.

IF 2.2 4区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Pub Date : 2025-09-04 DOI:10.1007/s00128-025-04101-1

Sidra Shakil, Sunia Zahid, Ayesha Baig, Muhammad Saqib, Manel Ben Ali, Bander Albogami, Amor Hedfi

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Abstract

This study aimed to assess the environmental and health risks of heavy metal contamination from e-waste recycling in Lahore, Pakistan. Surface soil (0-15 cm) samples were collected from recycling facilities, and heavy metal concentrations were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mean concentrations (mg/kg) of Cadmium (Cd) (5.38), Copper (Cu) (835.53), Lead (Pb) (468.90), Mercury (Hg) (1.61), and Zinc (Zn) (416.39) exceeded European Union (EU) guidelines, while Manganese (Mn) (372.29), Iron (Fe) (750.05), Arsenic (As) (6.96) and Chromium (Cr) (64.80) were within limits. Soil contamination indices indicated soil quality deterioration. The highest ecological risks (Er) were from Cd (1646.232) and Hg (322.15). Children faced higher non-carcinogenic risk (2.93) and carcinogenic risk (1.76 × 10⁻³), particularly from Pb (1.74) and Cu (1.56 × 10⁻³), respectively, while adults faced no significant risks. These findings highlight the need for sustainable e-waste management practices in Pakistan.

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巴基斯坦电子废物回收重金属污染量化及相关环境风险评估。

本研究旨在评估巴基斯坦拉合尔电子废物回收中重金属污染的环境和健康风险。从回收设施收集表层土壤（0 ~ 15 cm）样品，采用原子吸收分光光度法测定重金属浓度。镉（Cd）（5.38）、铜（Cu）（835.53）、铅（Pb）（468.90）、汞（Hg）（1.61）和锌（Zn）（416.39）的平均浓度（mg/kg）超过欧盟（EU）标准，锰（Mn）（372.29）、铁（Fe）（750.05）、砷（As）（6.96）和铬（Cr）（64.80）均在限制范围内。土壤污染指数表明土壤质量恶化。镉（1646.232）和汞（322.15）的生态风险最高。儿童面临更高的非致癌风险（2.93）和致癌风险（1.76 × 10 - 3），特别是铅（1.74）和铜（1.56 × 10 - 3），而成年人没有明显的风险。这些发现突出了巴基斯坦可持续电子废物管理实践的必要性。

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来源期刊

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 环境科学-毒理学

CiteScore

5.60

自引率

3.70%

发文量

230

审稿时长

1.7 months

期刊介绍： The Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology(BECT) is a peer-reviewed journal that offers rapid review and publication. Accepted submissions will be presented as clear, concise reports of current research for a readership concerned with environmental contamination and toxicology. Scientific quality and clarity are paramount.