{"title":"Chloroplasts Orchestrate Multilayered Defences Against Plant Pathogens.","authors":"Qingqing Sun, Sijia Hou, Hongbo Gao","doi":"10.1111/pce.70140","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chloroplasts are usually regarded as photosynthetic organelles that generate oxygen and carbohydrates. However, emerging studies have revealed their pivotal role in plant immunity. Chloroplasts play a crucial role in processing various external environmental stimuli and modulating plant immune responses. In this review, we elaborate on the contributions of chloroplasts to plant defence, emphasising their vital role in participating in the biosynthesis of cuticular wax, cell wall components and key hormones such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid and ethylene. We highlight that chloroplasts act as the sources of reactive oxygen species and calcium ion (Ca²⁺) bursts, which act as secondary messengers to amplify immune signalling and trigger plant immunity. We also discuss how chloroplasts are targeted by pathogens and explore the interactions between pathogens and chloroplasts. Emphasis was given to the complex interplay between chloroplast function and plant immunity and future research challenges were outlined.</p>","PeriodicalId":222,"journal":{"name":"Plant, Cell & Environment","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Plant, Cell & Environment","FirstCategoryId":"2","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.70140","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"PLANT SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Chloroplasts are usually regarded as photosynthetic organelles that generate oxygen and carbohydrates. However, emerging studies have revealed their pivotal role in plant immunity. Chloroplasts play a crucial role in processing various external environmental stimuli and modulating plant immune responses. In this review, we elaborate on the contributions of chloroplasts to plant defence, emphasising their vital role in participating in the biosynthesis of cuticular wax, cell wall components and key hormones such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid and ethylene. We highlight that chloroplasts act as the sources of reactive oxygen species and calcium ion (Ca²⁺) bursts, which act as secondary messengers to amplify immune signalling and trigger plant immunity. We also discuss how chloroplasts are targeted by pathogens and explore the interactions between pathogens and chloroplasts. Emphasis was given to the complex interplay between chloroplast function and plant immunity and future research challenges were outlined.
期刊介绍：
Plant, Cell & Environment is a premier plant science journal, offering valuable insights into plant responses to their environment. Committed to publishing high-quality theoretical and experimental research, the journal covers a broad spectrum of factors, spanning from molecular to community levels. Researchers exploring various aspects of plant biology, physiology, and ecology contribute to the journal's comprehensive understanding of plant-environment interactions.
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