The Prediction and Interpretation of Singularities and Black Holes: From Einstein and Schwarzschild to Penrose and Wheeler

IF 0.6 3区哲学 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Physics in Perspective Pub Date : 2025-08-12 DOI:10.1007/s00016-025-00331-2

Dennis Lehmkuhl

引用次数: 0

Abstract

The Schwarzschild solution was the first exact solution to Einstein’s 1915 field equations, found by Karl Schwarzschild as early as 1916. And yet, physicists, mathematicians and philosophers have struggled for decades with the interpretation of the Schwarzschild solution and the two singularities appearing in it when it is written in polar coordinates. This article distinguishes between eight different ways in which the two singularities have been interpreted between 1916 and the late 1960s, when Penrose’s first singularity theorem shed new and lasting light on the interpretation of the Schwarzschild solution.

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奇点和黑洞的预测和解释：从爱因斯坦和史瓦西到彭罗斯和惠勒

史瓦西解是爱因斯坦1915年场方程的第一个精确解，由卡尔·史瓦西早在1916年就发现了。然而，几十年来，物理学家、数学家和哲学家们一直在努力解释史瓦西解，以及当它用极坐标表示时出现的两个奇点。本文区分了1916年至20世纪60年代末对这两个奇点的八种不同解释方式，彭罗斯的第一个奇点定理为史瓦西解的解释提供了新的和持久的启示。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Physics in Perspective 物理-科学史与科学哲学

CiteScore

0.60

自引率

0.00%

发文量

审稿时长

>12 weeks

期刊介绍： Physics in Perspective seeks to bridge the gulf between physicists and non-physicists through historical and philosophical studies that typically display the unpredictable as well as the cross-disciplinary interplay of observation, experiment, and theory that has occurred over extended periods of time in academic, governmental, and industrial settings and in allied disciplines such as astrophysics, chemical physics, and geophysics. The journal also publishes first-person accounts by physicists of significant contributions they have made, biographical articles, book reviews, and guided tours of historical sites in cities throughout the world. It strives to make all articles understandable to a broad spectrum of readers – scientists, teachers, students, and the public at large. Bibliographic Data Phys. Perspect. 1 volume per year, 4 issues per volume approx. 500 pages per volume Format: 15.5 x 23.5cm ISSN 1422-6944 (print) ISSN 1422-6960 (electronic)