A rare case of spontaneous kidney rupture from xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis presenting with neurological symptoms and septic peritonitis.

Abstract

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is a rare, chronic inflammatory kidney disorder. It typically arises in patients with a history of nephrolithiasis, urinary tract obstruction, or recurrent infections. Additional risk factors include diabetes and immunocompromised states. We present an unusual instance of XGP in a patient without known risk factors, who developed spontaneous kidney rupture complicated by life-threatening sepsis. This case underscores the importance of maintaining XGP in the differential diagnosis even for atypical presentations, particularly when sepsis is the dominant clinical feature. Given the risk of serious complications, prompt diagnosis and intervention are crucial. Nephrectomy is the mainstay treatment of XGP.