When Adverse Experiences Influence the Interpretation of Ourselves, Others and the World: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Maladaptive Schemas in Victims of Violence

IF 3.2 3区心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL

Clinical psychology & psychotherapy Pub Date : 2025-07-15 DOI:10.1002/cpp.70114

Allison Uvelli, Marta Floridi, Giuseppe Agrusti, Anna Chiara Franquillo, Lucia Fiumalbi, Tommaso Micheloni, Andreina Arcuri, Stefania Iazzetta, Andrea Gragnani

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Purpose

Early maladaptive schemas (EMS) are dysfunctional emotional and cognitive patterns formed in childhood due to negative experiences that hinder basic psychological needs. These schemas shape beliefs about oneself, others and the world, influencing relationships and overall functioning. This study aims to identify common EMS among victims of violence and their associations with specific types of abuse, offering insight into underlying beliefs that may contribute to repeated victimization.

Methods

Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review of observational studies published between May and January 2025, analysing data from online databases. Studies included survivors aged 14 to 60, assessed with the Young Schema Questionnaire. Meta-analyses with random-effects models calculated mean effect sizes and correlation coefficients, while meta-regressions examined the influence of age, gender and country.

Results

A total of 20 studies were included. Survivors exhibited various EMS, including self-sacrifice, unrelenting standards, abuse, abandonment, dependence and vulnerability to harm. Psychological abuse was strongly linked to emotional deprivation, abuse, social isolation, failure, abandonment, emotional inhibition, vulnerability to harm, defectiveness, dependence and subjugation. Survivors of physical abuse frequently displayed emotional deprivation, social isolation and vulnerability to harm. Among survivors of intimate partner violence, the most prevalent schemas were subjugation, emotional deprivation, abuse and social isolation. Meta-regressions indicated that age, gender and country influenced certain EMS.

Conclusions

Identifying maladaptive schemas enhances our understanding of survivors' dysfunctional beliefs, which is essential for developing more effective, individualized interventions and preventive strategies.

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当不良经历影响对自己、他人和世界的解释：暴力受害者适应不良图式的系统回顾和元分析

目的早期适应不良图式（Early maladaptive schemas， EMS）是儿童时期由于负面经历阻碍基本心理需求而形成的功能失调的情绪和认知模式。这些图式塑造了对自己、他人和世界的信念，影响着人际关系和整体功能。本研究旨在确定暴力受害者中常见的EMS及其与特定类型虐待的关联，从而深入了解可能导致反复受害的潜在信念。方法遵循PRISMA指南，我们对2025年5月至1月间发表的观察性研究进行了系统回顾，分析了在线数据库中的数据。研究对象包括14岁至60岁的幸存者，用青年图式问卷进行评估。随机效应模型的荟萃分析计算了平均效应大小和相关系数，而荟萃回归检验了年龄、性别和国家的影响。结果共纳入20项研究。幸存者表现出各种EMS，包括自我牺牲、无情的标准、虐待、遗弃、依赖和易受伤害。心理虐待与情感剥夺、虐待、社会孤立、失败、遗弃、情感抑制、易受伤害、缺陷、依赖和征服密切相关。身体虐待的幸存者经常表现出情感剥夺、社会孤立和易受伤害。在亲密伴侣暴力的幸存者中，最普遍的图式是征服、情感剥夺、虐待和社会孤立。元回归表明，年龄、性别和国家影响某些EMS。结论识别适应不良图式有助于我们了解幸存者的功能失调信念，这对于制定更有效、个性化的干预措施和预防策略至关重要。

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来源期刊

Clinical psychology & psychotherapy PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL-

CiteScore

6.30

自引率

5.60%

发文量

106

期刊介绍： Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy aims to keep clinical psychologists and psychotherapists up to date with new developments in their fields. The Journal will provide an integrative impetus both between theory and practice and between different orientations within clinical psychology and psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy will be a forum in which practitioners can present their wealth of expertise and innovations in order to make these available to a wider audience. Equally, the Journal will contain reports from researchers who want to address a larger clinical audience with clinically relevant issues and clinically valid research.