{"title":"Cepstral Peak Prominence in Nondysphonic Children Using Praat and Analysis of Dysphonia in Speech and Voice.","authors":"Ashwini Joshi, Shaheen N Awan, Marianna Rubino, Danielle Devore, Teresa Procter, Julina Ongkasuwan","doi":"10.1044/2025_JSLHR-25-00046","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study examined the effect of age on cepstral peak prominence (CPP) in nondysphonic children between 3;0 and 17;11 (years;months) for two computer programs: Analysis of Dysphonia in Speech and Voice (ADSV) and Praat. Normative estimates for this population, the effect of sex, software, and stimuli on CPP, and the covarying impact of fundamental frequency (<i>F</i>0) were examined.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>CPP and <i>F</i>0 were collected for 103 children (44 males, 59 females) from the vowel /a/ and the all-voiced sentence \"We were away a year ago,\" within the following age ranges: 3;0-6;11, 7;0-10;11, 11;0-14;11, and 15;0-17;11. Effects of age, sex, stimuli, and software were examined using analyses of variance and post hoc means comparisons. The presence and strength of relationships between age, CPP, <i>F</i>0, and measures of CPP using ADSV versus Praat were evaluated using Pearson's and Spearman's correlations. Stepwise multiple regression analyses were computed to predict CPP from age and <i>F</i>0. Estimates of CPP normative cutoffs for Age × Sex groupings were also calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant differences between 15;0-17;11 versus younger age children and a significant correlation between age and CPP were observed. Mean CPP values differed by sex, stimuli, and software. Age and <i>F</i>0 are significant predictors of CPP; however, the observed increase in CPP with increasing age in males is primarily due to the substantial decrease in <i>F</i>0 postpuberty. Significant effects of stimuli and software on CPP values were also observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings support the hypotheses that CPP is correlated with age during the 3;0-17;11 span, with particular increases in postpubertal children. However, \"normative\" age-based expectations should be approached with caution since the general effect of age may be superseded by specific changes in <i>F</i>0 where a lowering of <i>F</i>0 is significantly associated with increases in CPP.</p><p><strong>Supplemental material: </strong>https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.29395787.</p>","PeriodicalId":520690,"journal":{"name":"Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR","volume":" ","pages":"3733-3747"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1044/2025_JSLHR-25-00046","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/7/2 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract
Purpose: This study examined the effect of age on cepstral peak prominence (CPP) in nondysphonic children between 3;0 and 17;11 (years;months) for two computer programs: Analysis of Dysphonia in Speech and Voice (ADSV) and Praat. Normative estimates for this population, the effect of sex, software, and stimuli on CPP, and the covarying impact of fundamental frequency (F0) were examined.
Method: CPP and F0 were collected for 103 children (44 males, 59 females) from the vowel /a/ and the all-voiced sentence "We were away a year ago," within the following age ranges: 3;0-6;11, 7;0-10;11, 11;0-14;11, and 15;0-17;11. Effects of age, sex, stimuli, and software were examined using analyses of variance and post hoc means comparisons. The presence and strength of relationships between age, CPP, F0, and measures of CPP using ADSV versus Praat were evaluated using Pearson's and Spearman's correlations. Stepwise multiple regression analyses were computed to predict CPP from age and F0. Estimates of CPP normative cutoffs for Age × Sex groupings were also calculated.
Results: Significant differences between 15;0-17;11 versus younger age children and a significant correlation between age and CPP were observed. Mean CPP values differed by sex, stimuli, and software. Age and F0 are significant predictors of CPP; however, the observed increase in CPP with increasing age in males is primarily due to the substantial decrease in F0 postpuberty. Significant effects of stimuli and software on CPP values were also observed.
Conclusions: The findings support the hypotheses that CPP is correlated with age during the 3;0-17;11 span, with particular increases in postpubertal children. However, "normative" age-based expectations should be approached with caution since the general effect of age may be superseded by specific changes in F0 where a lowering of F0 is significantly associated with increases in CPP.
目的：研究年龄对3、0 ~ 17、11岁（岁、月）非语音障碍儿童的倒谱峰突出（CPP）的影响，并应用两个计算机程序：言语和语音语音障碍分析（ADSV）和Praat。对该人群的规范估计、性别、软件和刺激对CPP的影响以及基频（F0）的共变影响进行了检查。方法：收集103名儿童（男44名，女59名）的CPP和F0，分别来自元音/a/和全浊音句“We were away a year ago”，年龄范围为3岁、0-6岁、11、7岁、0-10岁、11、11岁、0-14岁、11、15岁、0-17岁、11岁。使用方差分析和事后均值比较来检验年龄、性别、刺激和软件的影响。使用Pearson’s和Spearman’s相关性评估年龄、CPP、F0和使用ADSV与Praat测量CPP之间关系的存在和强度。采用逐步多元回归分析从年龄和F0预测CPP。还计算了年龄×性别分组的CPP标准截断值的估计。结果：15岁、0-17岁、11岁儿童与更低年龄儿童相比有显著差异，年龄与CPP有显著相关。平均CPP值因性别、刺激和软件而异。年龄和F0是CPP的显著预测因子；然而，观察到的CPP随着男性年龄的增长而增加，主要是由于青春期后F0的大幅减少。刺激和软件对CPP值也有显著影响。结论：研究结果支持CPP与年龄相关的假设，特别是在青春期后的儿童。然而，“规范的”基于年龄的预期应该谨慎对待，因为年龄的一般影响可能被F0的特定变化所取代，其中F0的降低与CPP的增加显著相关。补充资料：https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.29395787。
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