{"title":"The elementary particles as knots in the SU(2) higher homotopy Hopf group","authors":"Brian Jonathan Wolk","doi":"10.1016/j.physo.2025.100269","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Twelve of the fifteen prime knots with seven or less crossings taken as inclusions in the higher homotopic Hopf group of <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>U</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> are used to delineate and distinguish the twelve Standard Model quarks and leptons. These knot inclusions set the generational assignment of the quarks and leptons and permit the conjecture that knot hyperbolic volume hierarchy controls the physical mass hierarchy of the elementary particles. The hierarchy conjecture permits a postulate regarding the Yukawa couplings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36067,"journal":{"name":"Physics Open","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Physics Open","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666032625000195","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"Physics and Astronomy","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Twelve of the fifteen prime knots with seven or less crossings taken as inclusions in the higher homotopic Hopf group of are used to delineate and distinguish the twelve Standard Model quarks and leptons. These knot inclusions set the generational assignment of the quarks and leptons and permit the conjecture that knot hyperbolic volume hierarchy controls the physical mass hierarchy of the elementary particles. The hierarchy conjecture permits a postulate regarding the Yukawa couplings.