Non-invasive brain stimulation to modulate neural activity in Parkinson’s disease

Abstract

Despite its potential to modulate brain and network activity, non-invasive brain stimulation is not yet clinically applied for treating Parkinson’s disease. We here review recent findings that illustrate how various non-invasive stimulation techniques can modify pathological and compensatory activities. Due to unavoidable heterogeneities and low effect sizes of the reviewed studies, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of action will be critical for refining clinical effectiveness and generating consistent results.