New progress in imaging diagnosis and immunotherapy of breast cancer.

Abstract

Breast cancer (BC) is a predominant malignancy among women globally, with its etiology remaining largely elusive. Diagnosis primarily relies on invasive histopathological methods, which are often limited by sample representation and processing time. Consequently, non-invasive imaging techniques such as mammography, ultrasound, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are indispensable for BC screening, diagnosis, staging, and treatment monitoring. Recent advancements in imaging technologies and artificial intelligence-driven radiomics have enhanced precision medicine by enabling early detection, accurate molecular subtyping, and personalized therapeutic strategies. Despite reductions in mortality through traditional treatments, challenges like tumor heterogeneity and therapeutic resistance persist. Immunotherapies, particularly PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, have emerged as promising alternatives. This review explores recent developments in BC imaging diagnostics and immunotherapeutic approaches, aiming to inform clinical practices and optimize therapeutic outcomes.