Powder bed fusion – Laser beam in reactive atmospheres – Ignition limits for Fe and Ti-6Al-4V powder blends in CO2 and N2

IF 4.5 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Powder Technology Pub Date : 2025-02-25 DOI:10.1016/j.powtec.2025.120843

C. Felber , M. Köberl , E.A. Jägle

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Powder bed fusion – laser beam (PBF-LB) in reactive CO₂ and N₂ atmospheres affect material properties, such as ductility and strength due to their uptake during processing. This can be exploited to manufacture in-situ particle reinforced materials. In Fe-based materials, in-situ precipitation is limited, thus Ti is added to increase the material-gas-interaction. However, the fraction of Ti in Fe-Ti blends must be limited, as laser exposure in these reactive atmospheres can lead to a strongly exothermic and self-sustained combustion reaction in the powder bed. In this study, the occurring combustion reaction and ignition limits are investigated. The laser power, speed, and spot size, as well as heat accumulation influence the onset of the combustion reaction. Based on our results, a lower limit for which no ignition occurs was determined to ca. 23 wt% Ti. At higher Ti concentrations, reasonable PBF-LB parameters may lead to ignition. The combustion products contain high numbers of oxides and carbides and consist of a combustion zone and a molten and sintered area below. These results show that undesired reactions in the powder bed can be controlled, and that Ti-containing powder blends are safely processable in CO₂ and N₂ atmosphere if the Ti fraction is limited.

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来源期刊

Powder Technology 工程技术-工程：化工

CiteScore

9.90

自引率

15.40%

发文量

1047

审稿时长

46 days

期刊介绍： Powder Technology is an International Journal on the Science and Technology of Wet and Dry Particulate Systems. Powder Technology publishes papers on all aspects of the formation of particles and their characterisation and on the study of systems containing particulate solids. No limitation is imposed on the size of the particles, which may range from nanometre scale, as in pigments or aerosols, to that of mined or quarried materials. The following list of topics is not intended to be comprehensive, but rather to indicate typical subjects which fall within the scope of the journal's interests: Formation and synthesis of particles by precipitation and other methods. Modification of particles by agglomeration, coating, comminution and attrition. Characterisation of the size, shape, surface area, pore structure and strength of particles and agglomerates (including the origins and effects of inter particle forces). Packing, failure, flow and permeability of assemblies of particles. Particle-particle interactions and suspension rheology. Handling and processing operations such as slurry flow, fluidization, pneumatic conveying. Interactions between particles and their environment, including delivery of particulate products to the body. Applications of particle technology in production of pharmaceuticals, chemicals, foods, pigments, structural, and functional materials and in environmental and energy related matters. For materials-oriented contributions we are looking for articles revealing the effect of particle/powder characteristics (size, morphology and composition, in that order) on material performance or functionality and, ideally, comparison to any industrial standard.