{"title":"Importance of the vertical mixing process in the development of El Niño Modoki","authors":"Tomoki Tozuka","doi":"10.1038/s41612-025-00973-6","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) stands out as the most prominent interannual climate mode, profoundly affecting global climate. This phenomenon exhibits remarkable diversity and is commonly classified into two groups based on the location of maximum sea surface temperature anomalies. One of the two flavors with the maximum anomalous warming in the central equatorial Pacific is called El Niño Modoki. It has been suggested that anomalous zonal advection primarily contributes to the development of the positive sea surface temperature anomalies. Using outputs from a realistic ocean model simulation, here I show for the first time that anomalous vertical mixing makes a dominant or comparable contribution to the anomalous zonal advection during the development of El Niño Modoki in four out of six simulated events. The present finding provides a significant advancement in the understanding of El Niño Modoki, potentially contributing to more reliable future projections of ENSO.</p>","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.5000,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","FirstCategoryId":"89","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-00973-6","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) stands out as the most prominent interannual climate mode, profoundly affecting global climate. This phenomenon exhibits remarkable diversity and is commonly classified into two groups based on the location of maximum sea surface temperature anomalies. One of the two flavors with the maximum anomalous warming in the central equatorial Pacific is called El Niño Modoki. It has been suggested that anomalous zonal advection primarily contributes to the development of the positive sea surface temperature anomalies. Using outputs from a realistic ocean model simulation, here I show for the first time that anomalous vertical mixing makes a dominant or comparable contribution to the anomalous zonal advection during the development of El Niño Modoki in four out of six simulated events. The present finding provides a significant advancement in the understanding of El Niño Modoki, potentially contributing to more reliable future projections of ENSO.
期刊介绍：
npj Climate and Atmospheric Science is an open-access journal encompassing the relevant physical, chemical, and biological aspects of atmospheric and climate science. The journal places particular emphasis on regional studies that unveil new insights into specific localities, including examinations of local atmospheric composition, such as aerosols.
The range of topics covered by the journal includes climate dynamics, climate variability, weather and climate prediction, climate change, ocean dynamics, weather extremes, air pollution, atmospheric chemistry (including aerosols), the hydrological cycle, and atmosphere–ocean and atmosphere–land interactions. The journal welcomes studies employing a diverse array of methods, including numerical and statistical modeling, the development and application of in situ observational techniques, remote sensing, and the development or evaluation of new reanalyses.
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