Determination of tramadol and its metabolite O-desmethyltramadol in vitreous humor. Is it helpful in forensic casework?

IF 2.3 3区 医学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL
Kalliopi Vasileiou, Panagiota Nikolaou, Artemisia Dona, Stavroula Papadodima, Sotirios Athanaselis, Chara Spiliopoulou, Ioannis Papoutsis
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Abstract

In recent years, there has been increasing interest on the use of alternative biological materials in forensic toxicology. Vitreous humor is one of them, which, due to the closed cavity it is contained, has a low degree of contamination and high purity that makes it ideal for use in postmortem specimens. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of tramadol and its active metabolite O-desmethyltramadol in vitreous humor and the usefulness of using this alternative biological matrix in tramadol-related forensic cases. For this purpose, a gas chromatography-mass spectrometric method for the determination of the two analytes in blood and vitreous humor samples, which included solid-phase extraction and derivatization using N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide with 1% trimethylsilyl chloride, was developed. The method was fully validated according to international guidelines and was applied to blood and vitreous humor samples from 12 forensic cases. Both substances were found to be readily distributed in vitreous humor, since even in cases of very low concentrations of the analytes in blood, their detection was also possible in vitreous humor. In addition, the vitreous humor to blood concentration ratios were calculated for both substances and the mean values were found to be 0.91 for tramadol and 0.94 for O-desmethyltramadol. The results of our study indicate that the information that can be extracted from the analysis of vitreous humor samples is particularly useful during the investigation of tramadol-related cases. Nevertheless, the need for further study of this alternative material to establish therapeutic and toxic limits becomes apparent.

曲马多及其代谢产物o -去甲基曲马多在玻璃体中的含量测定。它对法医案件有帮助吗?
近年来,人们对在法医毒理学中使用替代生物材料越来越感兴趣。玻璃体就是其中之一,由于它包含封闭的腔体,污染程度低,纯度高,非常适合用于死后标本。本研究的目的是调查曲马多及其活性代谢物o -去甲基曲马多在玻璃体中的分布,以及在曲马多相关的法医案件中使用这种替代生物基质的有效性。为此,建立了一种测定血液和玻璃体样品中这两种分析物的GC/MS方法,该方法采用N,O-Bis(三甲基硅基)三氟乙酰胺和1%三甲基硅基氯进行固相萃取和衍生化。该方法根据国际准则进行了充分验证,并应用于12例法医病例的血液和玻璃体样本。这两种物质被发现很容易在玻璃体中分布,因为即使在血液中分析物浓度很低的情况下,它们也可能在玻璃体中被检测到。此外,计算了这两种物质的玻璃体与血液浓度比,发现曲马多的平均值为0.91,o -去甲基曲马多的平均值为0.94。我们的研究结果表明,从玻璃体样本分析中提取的信息在曲马多相关病例的调查中特别有用。然而,显然需要进一步研究这种替代材料,以确定治疗和毒性限度。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
5.10
自引率
20.00%
发文量
92
审稿时长
6-12 weeks
期刊介绍: The Journal of Analytical Toxicology (JAT) is an international toxicology journal devoted to the timely dissemination of scientific communications concerning potentially toxic substances and drug identification, isolation, and quantitation. Since its inception in 1977, the Journal of Analytical Toxicology has striven to present state-of-the-art techniques used in toxicology labs. The peer-review process provided by the distinguished members of the Editorial Advisory Board ensures the high-quality and integrity of articles published in the Journal of Analytical Toxicology. Timely presentation of the latest toxicology developments is ensured through Technical Notes, Case Reports, and Letters to the Editor.
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