Effects of semen inflammation on embryo implantation, placentation, pregnancy outcomes and offspring health.

Abstract

This review explores the critical role of semen inflammation in sperm quality, embryo implantation, placentation, and its broader implications on reproductive health. Chronic inflammation of the male genital tract has been increasingly recognized as a significant factor contributing to infertility. This inflammation not only impairs semen quality but also disrupts the intricate immune cross-talk between the male and female genital tracts, which is essential for successful implantation, placentation and pregnancy. The review synthesizes existing research on the mechanisms by which inflammatory mediators in semen influence the female immune environment, leading to altered uterine receptivity, placental formation, and embryo implantation. Furthermore, the impact of these disruptions on the health and development of the offspring is discussed, highlighting the transgenerational effects of male genital tract inflammation. Through an examination of both animal models and human studies, this review underscores the need for a deeper understanding of the immune interactions in reproductive biology and the potential for novel therapeutic interventions aimed at mitigating the adverse outcomes associated with semen inflammation.