Pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide modulates the stress response: the involvement of different brain areas and microglia.

IF 3.2 3区医学 Q2 PSYCHIATRY

Frontiers in Psychiatry Pub Date : 2025-01-27 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1495598

Anika Singh, Paul Shim, Sadaf Naeem, Shafiqur Rahman, Kabirullah Lutfy

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Abstract

Stress is necessary for survival. However, chronic unnecessary stress exposure leads to cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric disorders. Thus, understanding the mechanisms involved in the initiation and maintenance of the stress response is essential since it may reveal the underpinning pathophysiology of these disorders and may aid in the development of medication to treat stress-mediated diseases. Pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptors (PAC1, VPAC1 and VPAC2) are expressed in the hypothalamus and other brain areas as well as in the adrenal gland. Previous research has shown that this peptide/receptor system serves as a modulator of the stress response. In addition to modulating the stress response, this system may also be connected to its emerging role as neuroprotective against hypoxia, ischemia, and neurodegeneration. This article aims to review the literature regarding the role of PACAP and its receptors in the stress response, the involvement of different brain regions and microglia in PACAP-mediated modulation of the stress response, and the long-term adaptation to stress recognizable clinically as survival with resilience while manifested in anxiety, depression and other neurobehavioral disorders.

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来源期刊

Frontiers in Psychiatry Medicine-Psychiatry and Mental Health

CiteScore

6.20

自引率

8.50%

发文量

2813

审稿时长

14 weeks

期刊介绍： Frontiers in Psychiatry publishes rigorously peer-reviewed research across a wide spectrum of translational, basic and clinical research. Field Chief Editor Stefan Borgwardt at the University of Basel is supported by an outstanding Editorial Board of international researchers. This multidisciplinary open-access journal is at the forefront of disseminating and communicating scientific knowledge and impactful discoveries to researchers, academics, clinicians and the public worldwide. The journal''s mission is to use translational approaches to improve therapeutic options for mental illness and consequently to improve patient treatment outcomes.