Novel Binary and Ternary Biocomposites (Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework (ZIF-67), Graphene Oxide (GO) Nanosheet, and Guar Gum (GG) Biopolymer): Synthesis and Adsorption of Malachite Green Cationic Dye

Abstract

According to the research, zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-67) and graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets were synthesized with a guar gum (GG) biopolymer substrate to form two-component hybrid biocomposites: GO/ZIF-67 (GOZ), GG/ZIF-67 (GZ), and three-component hybrid with GO/GG/ZIF-67 (GGZ) substrate polymer. These composites were used to adsorb malachite green (MG) cationic dye from an aqueous solution at room temperature. The chemical fractions, morphological and structural properties of the hybrid biocomposites were determined using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyses. The adsorption of MG dye was carried out on the two-component and three-component hybrid biocomposites with a polymer substrate under different experimental conditions. The high surface area of GZ, GOZ, and GGZ was 1362.89, 754.89, and 833.67 m² g⁻¹, respectively, and the total pore volume was 0.90 cm³ g⁻¹ for GZ, and 0.51 cm³ g⁻¹ for GOZ and GGZ, respectively. The removal of MG pollutant follows the pseudo-second order model and the Langmuir model. The adsorption mechanism involves hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking, and electrostatic interactions. The GOZ, GZ, and GGZ hybrid biocomposites showed the maximum removal efficiency at 66.6%, 74.4%, and 90.1%, respectively. The data show that the removal of MG after 3 cycles was 90%, 86%, and 82%.