Accreditations of the optimal origins of Boletus bainiugan using Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy in combination with environmental variables and heavy metal element determinations

Abstract

Boletus bainiugan is a wild resource and favorite food for people from Yunnan, China. At present, it is not capable of being cultivated. Therefore, it is predicted that the changes in the area of habitable zone and the degree of heavy metal enrichment of Boletus bainiugan from different origins under the current and future climatic conditions. This will help consumers to avoid purchasing products from the areas where heavy metals are enriched in excess of the standard and provide a reference for the better-protected areas of origin of Boletus bainiugan. The different origins were ranked in order of preference based on the size of the suitable area, the degree of heavy metal enrichment, and the level of chemical composition. The results show that there was a positive correlation between the absorbance values of the samples and the degree of concentration of the highly suitable habitat in Anning, Kunming, Chuxiong, Baoshan and Wenshan. However, there is an over-accumulation of heavy metal elements in individual production areas. It can be seen that Boletus bainiugan does vary considerably from one origin to another, and the identification of origin is of practical significance. The support vector machine (SVM) model is built to solve the problem of different origin traceability of Boletus bainiugan. The SVM model using normalization and second-order derivative method is found to be the fitting origin traceability model.