A Comprehensive Review of the Recent Developments in the Electroanalytical Methods for the Therapeutic Monitoring of Antiepileptic Drugs.

Abstract

Epilepsy is a serious neurological disease that impacts all facets of a patient's life, including their socioeconomic situation. The failure to identify underlying epileptic signatures in their early stages might result in severe harm to the central nervous system (CNS) and permanent adverse changes to some organs. Therefore, numerous antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are frequently used to control and treat the frequency of seizures. Since clinical effects and plasma concentration are directly correlated, determining AED levels in various samples has drawn a lot of interest in the optimization of drug doses. In the past several years, various generations of AEDs have appeared, and a variety of techniques have been widely used to analyze AEDs, including HPLC, chromatography, spectrometry, and electrochemical methods such as voltammetric, potentiometric, and others that can help in the analysis of these drugs because of their special benefits, which include quick analysis, high sensitivity, high selectivity, low cost, and dependable results. For the first time, this review article details the most recent advancements in the electrochemical measurement techniques used in the analysis of some of the most effective drugs in the three generations of AEDs in various samples using diverse electrode types, including glassy carbon electrodes (GCE), gold electrodes, pencil graphite electrodes (PGE), and other types. In addition to summarizing their mode of action and side effects. Finally, we will present the prospects for the development of electrochemical platforms for the determination of the next generation of AEDs.