Gender-Specific Toxic Effects of S-Metolachlor and Its Metabolite on Hibernating Lizards: Implications for Reproductive Health and Ecosystem Vulnerability.

IF 3.9 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Toxics Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI:10.3390/toxics12110834

Li Chen, Jinling Diao, Zhongnan Tian, Dezhen Wang, Wenjun Zhang, Luyao Zhang, Zikang Wang, Zhiqiang Zhou, Shanshan Di

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Reptiles rely on hibernation to survive harsh winters, but climate change and pesticide use in agriculture jeopardize their survival, making the ecosystem vulnerable. S-metolachlor (SM), a commonly found herbicide in soil, and its metabolite metolachlor oxanilic acid (MO) induce oxidative stress and disrupt reproductive hormones. In this study, lizards were exposed to SM- and MO-contaminated soil for 45 days during hibernation. Weight loss and deaths occurred at the beginning of hibernation in all groups. Furthermore, the exposure group experienced severe oxidative stress and damage in the liver, kidney, heart, gonad, and brain. The testosterone levels significantly decreased in male lizards in both the SM and MO groups, whereas estradiol levels increased significantly in female lizards in the SM group. Gender-specific expression of steroidogenic-related genes in the brains and gonads of lizards was observed. Histological analysis revealed toxic effects induced by both SM and MO in vital organs during hibernation. Moreover, MO induced more severe reproductive toxicity in male lizards during hibernation. Therefore, this study suggests gender-specific toxic effects were observed in hibernating lizards exposed to SM and MO, underscoring the importance of vigilant monitoring of pesticide application in agriculture and assessing the potential harm of its metabolites.

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S-甲草胺及其代谢物对冬眠蜥蜴的性别特异性毒性效应：对生殖健康和生态系统脆弱性的影响。

爬行动物依靠冬眠度过严冬，但气候变化和农业中农药的使用危及它们的生存，使生态系统变得脆弱。S-甲草胺（SM）是土壤中常见的一种除草剂，其代谢物甲草胺草酰苯胺（MO）会诱发氧化应激并干扰生殖激素。在这项研究中，蜥蜴在冬眠期间暴露于受 SM 和 MO 污染的土壤中长达 45 天。所有组的蜥蜴在冬眠开始时均出现体重下降和死亡。此外，暴露组的肝脏、肾脏、心脏、性腺和大脑都出现了严重的氧化应激和损伤。SM组和MO组雄性蜥蜴的睾酮水平明显下降，而SM组雌性蜥蜴的雌二醇水平明显升高。观察到蜥蜴大脑和性腺中与类固醇生成相关基因的表达存在性别差异。组织学分析表明，SM 和 MO 都会对冬眠期间的重要器官产生毒性作用。此外，在冬眠期间，MO对雄性蜥蜴的生殖毒性更为严重。因此，这项研究表明，在暴露于SM和MO的冬眠蜥蜴中观察到了有性别差异的毒性效应，强调了在农业中警惕性监测农药施用和评估其代谢物潜在危害的重要性。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Toxics Chemical Engineering-Chemical Health and Safety

CiteScore

4.50

自引率

10.90%

发文量

681

审稿时长

6 weeks

期刊介绍： The Journal accepts papers describing work that furthers our understanding of the exposure, effects, and risks of chemicals and materials in humans and the natural environment as well as approaches to assess and/or manage the toxicological and ecotoxicological risks of chemicals and materials. The journal covers a wide range of toxic substances, including metals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, biocides, nanomaterials, and polymers such as micro- and mesoplastics. Toxics accepts papers covering: The occurrence, transport, and fate of chemicals and materials in different systems (e.g., food, air, water, soil); Exposure of humans and the environment to toxic chemicals and materials as well as modelling and experimental approaches for characterizing the exposure in, e.g., water, air, soil, food, and consumer products; Uptake, metabolism, and effects of chemicals and materials in a wide range of systems including in-vitro toxicological assays, aquatic and terrestrial organisms and ecosystems, model mammalian systems, and humans; Approaches to assess the risks of chemicals and materials to humans and the environment; Methodologies to eliminate or reduce the exposure of humans and the environment to toxic chemicals and materials.