Focus on three-dimensional artificial spin ice

IF 3.5 2区物理与天体物理 Q2 PHYSICS, APPLIED

Applied Physics Letters Pub Date : 2024-11-25 DOI:10.1063/5.0229120

Luca Berchialla, Gavin M. Macauley, Laura J. Heyderman

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Artificial spin ices are arrays of coupled single domain nanomagnets that have mainly been explored in two dimensions. They display a number of intriguing phenomena arising from the collective behavior of the magnets including vertex frustration, emergent magnetic monopoles, and phase transitions. Escaping this flat paradigm into the third dimension is now possible, thanks to advances in fabrication and characterization of three-dimensional mesoscopic magnetic systems, which have magnetic elements with dimensions between a few 10's and a few 100's nanometers. By exploiting the extra degrees of freedom inherent to fully three-dimensional structures, it will be possible to harness the dipolar and other interactions between magnetic elements in a way that cannot be achieved in planar systems. This will offer an unparalleled opportunity to produce three-dimensional mesoscopic magnetic structures exhibiting true spin ice physics and also, more broadly, to engineer exotic magnetic states and cooperative phenomena in a range of three-dimensional artificial spin ices that may have no direct analog in natural materials. In this perspective, we review the development of research into three-dimensional artificial spin ice, highlighting the main routes by which such structures can be created and measured. We discuss some new frontiers for the field, both in terms of realizing 3D model systems, and exciting opportunities for applications, such as sensing and computing.

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人造自旋冰是耦合单域纳米磁体阵列，主要在二维领域进行探索。它们显示出磁体的集体行为所产生的一系列有趣现象，包括顶点挫折、出现的磁单极和相变。由于三维介观磁性系统在制造和表征方面的进步，现在有可能将这种平面范式带入三维空间，这种磁性系统的磁性元件尺寸介于 10 纳米到 100 纳米之间。通过利用完全三维结构固有的额外自由度，将有可能以平面系统无法实现的方式利用磁性元件之间的偶极和其他相互作用。这将为我们提供一个无与伦比的机会，生产出展现真正自旋冰物理特性的三维介观磁性结构，而且从更广泛的意义上讲，还可以在一系列三维人造自旋冰中设计出奇异的磁态和合作现象，而这些在天然材料中可能没有直接的类似物。在这一视角中，我们回顾了三维人造自旋冰研究的发展，强调了创建和测量此类结构的主要途径。我们讨论了该领域的一些新前沿，既包括三维模型系统的实现，也包括令人兴奋的应用机会，如传感和计算。

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来源期刊

Applied Physics Letters 物理-物理：应用

CiteScore

6.40

自引率

10.00%

发文量

1821

审稿时长

1.6 months

期刊介绍： Applied Physics Letters (APL) features concise, up-to-date reports on significant new findings in applied physics. Emphasizing rapid dissemination of key data and new physical insights, APL offers prompt publication of new experimental and theoretical papers reporting applications of physics phenomena to all branches of science, engineering, and modern technology. In addition to regular articles, the journal also publishes invited Fast Track, Perspectives, and in-depth Editorials which report on cutting-edge areas in applied physics. APL Perspectives are forward-looking invited letters which highlight recent developments or discoveries. Emphasis is placed on very recent developments, potentially disruptive technologies, open questions and possible solutions. They also include a mini-roadmap detailing where the community should direct efforts in order for the phenomena to be viable for application and the challenges associated with meeting that performance threshold. Perspectives are characterized by personal viewpoints and opinions of recognized experts in the field. Fast Track articles are invited original research articles that report results that are particularly novel and important or provide a significant advancement in an emerging field. Because of the urgency and scientific importance of the work, the peer review process is accelerated. If, during the review process, it becomes apparent that the paper does not meet the Fast Track criterion, it is returned to a normal track.