High prevalence of 19A pneumococcal serotype carriage during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil

Abstract

Introduction

Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization patterns are influenced by host and environmental factors, which may be related to Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD). Interestingly, COVID-19 pandemic witnessed a decline in the incidence of IPDs. Investigations with diligent data collection on the prevalence of nasopharyngeal colonization and associated serotypes during this unique period can yield novel insights. The aim of the current study was to assess the prevalence of S. pneumoniae carriage among children and adults who have sought care at emergency departments with suspected COVID-19.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, adults and children presenting with signs and symptoms likely associated with COVID-19 in two outpatient clinics in Southern Brazil were invited to participate. RT-PCR with a comprehensive molecular panel for pneumococcal identification of the 21 most prevalent serotypes in Latin America was performed on all enrolled subjects. Prevalence of pneumococcal carriage was assessed in the age groups (< 2, ≥ 2–5, ≥ 5–11, ≥ 11–18, ≥ 18–60, ≥ 60).

Results

A total of 1644 subjects were included in the study. Pneumococcal carriage was detected by PCR testing in 14.9% (245/1,644), and serotype identification occurred in 42.0% (103/245) of the participants, with a total frequency of 111. The most frequent serotype identified was 19A (25.2%, n = 28/111), followed by 6C/6D (17.1%, n = 19/111), and 23A (11.7%, n = 13/111), also highlighting the high frequency of non-vaccine serotypes found across all age groups.

Discussion

19A serotype, as well other most frequent serotypes identified are not covered by the PCV-10 in a community setting where PCV-10 is widely available. This finding reinforces the need for continuous surveillance to determine the impact of pneumococcal vaccination and guide public health decision-making. High 19A serotype prevalence is critical in the decision-making process for electing the best options for pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.