Role of macrophages in vascular calcification: From the perspective of homeostasis.

IF 4.8 2区医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY

International immunopharmacology Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113635

Rong Dong, Zhenjun Ji, Mi Wang, Genshan Ma

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Abstract

Vascular calcification (VC) is a crucial risk factor for the high morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. With the global population aging, the incidence of VC is escalating annually. However, due to its silent clinical process, VC often results in irreversible clinical outcomes. Inflammation is a core element in the VC process, and macrophages are the major inflammatory cells. Due to their diverse origins, microenvironments, and polarization states, macrophages exhibit significant heterogeneity, exerting strong effects on the occurrence, development, and even the regression of VC. In this review, we summarize the origin, distribution, classification, and surface markers of macrophages. Simultaneously, we explore the mechanisms by which macrophages maintain homeostasis or regulate inflammation, including the macrophage-mediated regulation of VC through the release of inflammatory factors, osteogenic genes, extracellular vesicles, and alterations in efferocytosis. Finally, we discuss research targeting inflammation and macrophages to develop novel therapeutic regimens for preventing and treating VC.

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巨噬细胞在血管钙化中的作用：从平衡的角度看

血管钙化（VC）是心脑血管疾病发病率和死亡率居高不下的重要风险因素。随着全球人口老龄化，血管钙化的发病率逐年上升。然而，由于其临床过程无声无息，VC 往往会导致不可逆转的临床结果。炎症是 VC 过程的核心要素，而巨噬细胞是主要的炎症细胞。由于其来源、微环境和极化状态的不同，巨噬细胞表现出明显的异质性，对 VC 的发生、发展甚至消退都有很大影响。在这篇综述中，我们总结了巨噬细胞的起源、分布、分类和表面标志物。同时，我们还探讨了巨噬细胞维持体内平衡或调节炎症的机制，包括巨噬细胞通过释放炎症因子、成骨基因、细胞外囊泡和改变渗出细胞来调节 VC。最后，我们将讨论针对炎症和巨噬细胞的研究，以开发预防和治疗 VC 的新疗法。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

International immunopharmacology 医学-免疫学

CiteScore

8.40

自引率

3.60%

发文量

935

审稿时长

53 days

期刊介绍： International Immunopharmacology is the primary vehicle for the publication of original research papers pertinent to the overlapping areas of immunology, pharmacology, cytokine biology, immunotherapy, immunopathology and immunotoxicology. Review articles that encompass these subjects are also welcome. The subject material appropriate for submission includes: • Clinical studies employing immunotherapy of any type including the use of: bacterial and chemical agents; thymic hormones, interferon, lymphokines, etc., in transplantation and diseases such as cancer, immunodeficiency, chronic infection and allergic, inflammatory or autoimmune disorders. • Studies on the mechanisms of action of these agents for specific parameters of immune competence as well as the overall clinical state. • Pre-clinical animal studies and in vitro studies on mechanisms of action with immunopotentiators, immunomodulators, immunoadjuvants and other pharmacological agents active on cells participating in immune or allergic responses. • Pharmacological compounds, microbial products and toxicological agents that affect the lymphoid system, and their mechanisms of action. • Agents that activate genes or modify transcription and translation within the immune response. • Substances activated, generated, or released through immunologic or related pathways that are pharmacologically active. • Production, function and regulation of cytokines and their receptors. • Classical pharmacological studies on the effects of chemokines and bioactive factors released during immunological reactions.