Cyclosorus terminans extract mitigates submandibular gland changes associated with high-fat diet consumption in male rats

Abstract

Objectives

To investigate whether the prophylactic effect of Cyclosorus terminans extract mitigates metabolic impairment and submandibular gland changes, as indicated by increased aquaporin5 expression, decreased fibrosis, oxidative stress and inflammation, improved mitochondrial homeostasis/dynamics, and decreased cell death in the submandibular glands of high-fat diet (HFD)-feeding rats.

Methods

Thirty-two male Wistar rats were assigned to either a normal diet (ND) as control rats (n=8) or a HFD (n=24) for 12 weeks. The HFD-treated rats were divided into 3 subgroups to receive either: 1) vehicle (HDV), 2) Cyclosorus terminans at a dose of 100 mg/kg/d (HF100), or 3) Cyclosorus terminans at a dose of 200 mg/kg/d (HF200). At week 13, metabolic parameters, systemic oxidative stress, and submandibular gland parameters were assessed.

Results

Twelve weeks of HFD-feeding rats induced obese-insulin resistance and submandibular gland changes. Both HF100- and HF200-treated groups improved metabolic parameters and prevented gland changes by reducing fibrosis (TGF-β and p-38), malondialdehyde levels, inflammation (TNF-α, NF-κB, and Ifng), and cell death markers (Caspase 3, GSDMD, and MLKL). Both treatments supported balanced mitochondrial homeostasis/dynamics, as indicated by regulating related genes (Cpt1b, Ndufb8, Mfn1, Mfn2, Opa1, and Dnm1l). However, only the HF200-treated rats restored aquaporin-5 and antioxidants (SOD2 and GPX4) expression to control levels.

Conclusions

Cyclosorus terminans mitigates metabolic disturbances and submandibular gland changes in HFD-feeding rats. The high dose was more effective, improving gland function by increasing aquaporin5 and antioxidants. These results suggest Cyclosorus terminans may be a promising therapeutic for metabolic disturbances and submandibular gland changes in obese-insulin resistant patients.