RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY FROM MPOX AND THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI) GLOBALLY DURING 2022-2024 EPIDEMICS

Abstract

Introduction

Multiple aspects of the epidemics of mpox during 2022-2024 have been explored, including clinical features, diagnostic aspects, therapies and vaccines. However, socioeconomic aspects have been poorly assessed in terms of the epidemiologically associated factors. No studies have been published on the relationships between the human development index (HDI) and the morbidity and mortality from Mpox.

Methods

An ecological study for 104 countries was done using HDI data that were obtained from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), and the cases, calculating the incidence rates (cases per 100,000 pop.), from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Also, mortality rates (cases per 100,000 pop.) and case fatality rates (deaths per 100 cases, %CFR) were calculated. The annual variation of the variables was assessed, and non-linear regression models (exponential) were done at Stata/MP® v.14.0.

Results

The non-linear regression models revealed significant findings. The relationship between epidemiological factors and HDI was found to be significant. During this epidemic, a higher incidence was observed in countries with high HDI (r2 = 0.4132; p < 0.0001), while mortality rates were significantly lower in these countries (r2 = 0.1317; p = 0.0007). Conversely, the case fatality rate (%CFR) was significantly higher in countries with lower HDI (r2 = 0.1595; p = 0.0001).

Discussion/conclusions

These findings underscore the significant influence of socioeconomic indicators such as the HDI on the Mpox incidence and mortality rates and on %CFR globally, particularly in endemic countries. Despite the epidemics of 2022-2024, Mpox remains a neglected condition worldwide, with a resurgence in countries like the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2023-2024. Therefore, the need for further studies on multiple epidemiological factors of Mpox is paramount.

Keywords

Mpox, Epidemics, Human Development, Global, Surveillance.

Conflicts of interest

There was no conflicts of interest.

Ethics and financing

No financial support.