Effects of high fluoride and iodine combined exposure on thyroid nodules and goiter in school-age children in Jiangsu, China.

IF 3.4 3区综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES

Heliyon Pub Date : 2024-11-01 eCollection Date: 2024-11-15 DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40082

Yuting Xia, Yunjie Ye, Mao Liu, Yang Wang, Li Shang, Peihua Wang, Yan Xu

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Introduction: With advancements in detection equipment and an increase in the frequency of examinations, thyroid nodules and goiter in children have garnered attention.

Objective: This study aims to determine the effects of high iodine and fluoride exposure on thyroid nodules and goiter in school-aged children.

Methods: We recruited children aged 8 to 12 from rural Jiangsu, China, based on the concentrations of iodine and fluoride in local drinking water and urine. Participants were divided into four groups: a group with high fluoride and iodine (HFHI), a group with high fluoride (HF), a group with high iodine (HI), and a control group (CONTROL). Fluoride levels in both drinking water and urine samples were measured using the ion-selective electrode method. Urinary iodine (UI) was assessed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and children's thyroids were examined with portable ultrasound equipment equipped with a linear 7.5-MHz probe.

Results: The detection rates of thyroid nodules in the HFHI, HF, HI, and CONTROL groups were 10.4 %, 6.5 %, 7.7 %, and 2.8 %, respectively. The goiter detection rates were 3.8 %, 2.9 %, 3.8 %, and 1.1 %, respectively. In the HFHI group, statistically significant correlations were found between urinary fluoride (UF) and thyroid nodules (P = 0.011, adjusted OR and 95 % CIs were 2.29 [1.21, 4.32]), as well as between UI and thyroid nodules (P = 0.038, adjusted OR and 95 % CIs were 1.58 [1.04, 2.40]), and between UI and goiter (P = 0.014, adjusted OR and 95 % CI were 2.31 [1.19, 4.48]). In the HI group, there was a statistically significant link between UI and goiter (P = 0.005, adjusted OR and 95 % CI were 2.45 [1.31, 4.58]).

Conclusions: Combined high iodine and fluoride exposure may have an adverse effect on thyroid nodules in school-age children.

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中国江苏学龄儿童高氟高碘综合暴露对甲状腺结节和甲状腺肿大的影响。

导言随着检测设备的进步和检查频率的增加，儿童甲状腺结节和甲状腺肿已引起人们的关注：本研究旨在探讨高碘和高氟暴露对学龄儿童甲状腺结节和甲状腺肿大的影响：根据当地饮用水和尿液中碘和氟的浓度，我们在中国江苏农村地区招募了 8 至 12 岁的儿童。参与者分为四组：高氟高碘组（HFHI）、高氟组（HF）、高碘组（HI）和对照组（CONTROL）。采用离子选择电极法测定饮用水和尿液样本中的氟含量。使用电感耦合等离子体质谱法评估尿碘（UI），并使用配备 7.5-MHz 线性探头的便携式超声波设备检查儿童的甲状腺：HFHI组、HF组、HI组和对照组的甲状腺结节检出率分别为10.4%、6.5%、7.7%和2.8%。甲状腺肿的检出率分别为 3.8%、2.9%、3.8% 和 1.1%。在 HFHI 组中，尿氟 (UF) 与甲状腺结节之间存在统计学意义上的显著相关性（P = 0.011，调整 OR 和 95 % CI 为 2.29 [1.21, 4.32]）、尿氟与甲状腺结节（P = 0.038，调整后 OR 和 95 % CI 为 1.58 [1.04, 2.40]）以及尿氟与甲状腺肿（P = 0.014，调整后 OR 和 95 % CI 为 2.31 [1.19, 4.48]）之间存在相关性。在高碘组中，UI 与甲状腺肿大之间存在显著的统计学联系（P = 0.005，调整后的 OR 和 95 % CI 为 2.45 [1.31, 4.58]）：结论：高碘和高氟的联合暴露可能会对学龄儿童的甲状腺结节产生不利影响。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Heliyon MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES-

CiteScore

4.50

自引率

2.50%

发文量

2793

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