Silver-Nanoparticles-Based Composites for Antimicrobial Applications: An Update

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which develops into superbugs, poses a significant challenge to global health leading to 4.95 million deaths in 2019, necessitating the exploration of alternative strategies. AMR is responsible for a significant economic cost estimated by the World Bank, where AMR could result in additional healthcare costs of US$ 1 trillion by 2050. Thus, overcoming these drawbacks is of great importance. Fortunately, the advent of 21st century nanotechnology provides an ample opportunity to develop diverse nanomaterials along with specific functionalization to treat bacteria, fungi, or viruses more effectively with the combination of innovative technologies. Among these, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are considered a great boon in the area of AMR, which has a long history of practice. However, in recent years, Ag-based composites have been designed by scientists to enhance their antimicrobial effects at minimal concentrations, thereby depending on synergism. Thus, in this review, we provide an update on the recent advances in Ag-based composites with metals, polymers, and carbon for various antimicrobial applications. In addition, we focused on the mechanisms that assist in tackling microbes and the toxicity of AgNPs. Thus, in this review, we highlight the synergistic effects of AgNP-based composites in combating several microorganisms.