Sex differences in craniofacial parameters of children and adolescents: a comparative study with the maturation of cervical vertebrae using a cephalometric method.

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate sex differences in craniomaxillofacial parameters in children and adolescents. Lateral cephalograms were obtained from 340 subjects (141 male, 199 female) aged 6 to 18 years, and their craniofacial characteristics and cervical vertebral maturity were assessed using the quantitative cervical vertebral maturity (QCVM) method. Age-based stratified analyses on craniofacial parameters and further comparison in QCVM Ⅲ subjects were performed. Among all analyses, male subjects had significantly greater value than females in sex-different parameters except for facial convexity. The overall group had 17 sex-different parameters (ramus height, anterior facial height (AFH), posterior facial height (PFH), upper anterior facial height (UAFH), lower anterior facial height (LAFH), anterior cranial base length, posterior cranial base length, facial convexity, upper lip length, upper lip thickness, lower lip thickness, soft tissue chin thickness, nasion of soft tissue-subnasale (N'-Sn), subnasale-menton of soft tissue (Sn-Me'), subnasale-stomion inferius (Sn-Sto)). The <12 years old group showed 6 significant sex differences (AFH, LAFH, lower lip protrusion, lower lip thickness, N'-Sn, Sn-Me'). While the ≥12 years old group occurred two more parameters (mandibular body length, AFH/PFH) than the overall group. 12 cephalometric parameters had significant sex differences among QCMV III patients. After age adjustment, the number of sex-different parameters only increased in soft tissue. Craniofacial characteristics and cervical vertebrae maturation of the youngsters exhibited significant sex differences. Though females reached an earlier cervical vertebral maturation, they still had smaller craniofacial linear features. Sex differences should be taken into account in developing reference standards for cephalometric measurements and treatment planning in the clinic.