Exploring the Relationship Between Health and Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditures: Evidence for Middle-Aged and Older Adults in China.

IF 2.4 4区医学 Q2 HEALTH CARE SCIENCES & SERVICES

Healthcare Pub Date : 2024-10-27 DOI:10.3390/healthcare12212137

Jingyi Gao

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Abstract

Background/objectives: With population aging, disability and chronic conditions are increasingly prevalent among middle-aged and older adults in China. Using panel data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) from 2011 to 2018, this paper explores the effects of Activities of Daily Living limitations, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living limitations, and chronic conditions on Out-of-Pocket Expenditures (OOPEs) among middle-aged and older adults in China.

Methods: A first-difference model and a system-generalized method of moment model (GMM) are used.

Results: The system-GMM model for the first time addresses unobserved heterogeneity and produces unbiased estimates of the effects of health and OOPEs. Additionally, this paper assesses the heterogeneity of the results across the demographic and socioeconomic groups.

Conclusions: These findings can be used to inform policymakers on improving medical resource allocation and ensure better financial protection for those living with a disability and chronic diseases.

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探索健康与自付医疗费用之间的关系：中国中老年人的证据》。

背景/目的：随着人口老龄化，残疾和慢性病在中国中老年人中日益普遍。本文利用中国健康与退休纵向研究（CHARLS）2011-2018年的面板数据，探讨日常生活活动限制、工具性日常生活活动限制和慢性病对中国中老年人自付支出（OOPE）的影响：方法：采用一阶差分模型和系统广义矩量法模型（GMM）：结果：系统-GMM 模型首次解决了未观察到的异质性问题，并对健康和 OOPEs 的影响做出了无偏估计。此外，本文还评估了不同人口和社会经济群体之间结果的异质性：这些发现可为政策制定者改善医疗资源分配提供参考，并确保为残疾和慢性病患者提供更好的经济保护。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Healthcare Medicine-Health Policy

CiteScore

3.50

自引率

7.10%

发文量

审稿时长

47 days

期刊介绍： Healthcare (ISSN 2227-9032) is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal (free for readers), which publishes original theoretical and empirical work in the interdisciplinary area of all aspects of medicine and health care research. Healthcare publishes Original Research Articles, Reviews, Case Reports, Research Notes and Short Communications. We encourage researchers to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. For theoretical papers, full details of proofs must be provided so that the results can be checked; for experimental papers, full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced. Additionally, electronic files or software regarding the full details of the calculations, experimental procedure, etc., can be deposited along with the publication as “Supplementary Material”.