Chitins and chitosans–A tale of discovery and disguise, of attachment and attainment

Abstract

Chitin polymers are an essential structural component of fungal cell walls, but host chitinases can weaken them, contributing to disease resistance in fungal pathogens. Chitin oligomers thus produced are immunogenic signal molecules eliciting additional disease resistance mechanisms. Fungi may counteract these, e.g. by partial deacetylation of chitin, converting it into chitosans, protecting the cell walls against chitinase attack, and inactivating elicitor active oligomers. This molecular stealth hypothesis for fungal pathogenicity has repeatedly been tested by mutating single or multiple chitin deacetylase genes, supporting the hypothesis but simultaneously suggesting additional roles for chitin deacetylation in virulence, such as surface attachment and sensing, host tissue penetration and colonization, as well as spore formation, stabilization, and germination. Interestingly, recent evidence suggests that host plants have evolved counter strategies by inhibiting fungal chitin deacetylases, lending further credibility to the suggested action of these enzymes as pathogenicity/virulence factors, and possibly offering leads toward novel functional fungicides.