Enhancement of electrode surface hydrophilicity and selectivity with Nafion-PSS composite for trace heavy metal sensing in electrochemical sensors

IF 8.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI:10.1016/j.aca.2024.343423

Chyh Shyang Ong, Qi Hwa Ng, Abdul Latif Ahmad, Siew Chun Low

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background

Effective electrochemical sensing requires optimal signal output value and sensitivity, which often pose a challenge due to their counter-intuitive relationship. In order to enhance both aspects, this study designs a modified screen-printed electrode (Nafion-PSS/SPE) comprising a composite formed by two sulfonate-rich polymers, namely Nafion and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS). The Nafion-PSS/SPE was utilized in the electrochemical determination of lead (Pb²⁺) and cadmium (Cd²⁺) via square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). This innovative approach aims to improve detection limits and overall analytical performance in complex matrices. (84)

Results

The addition of hydrophilic PSS positively improves surface wettability of Nafion-PSS/SPE, as confirmed by water contact angle analysis. Despite the improved wettability, the modified sensor maintains a high selectivity towards heavy metal ions. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) reveals a large electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) for cations (0.5646 cm²) and a relatively low ECSA for anions (0.3221 cm²). Under optimized conditions, the stripping responses for Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ exhibited linearity within the concentration ranges of 0.025-0.7 ppm and 0.0125-0.4ppm, respectively. The detection limit achieved by the modified sensor are 6.478 ppb (Pb²⁺) and 5.277 ppb (Cd²⁺). The enhancement observed can be ascribed to the following factors, including presence of sulfonate ligands (Nafion and PSS), enhanced wettability (PSS) and surface selectivity (Nafion). Furthermore, even in the presence of interfering ions replicating the composition of effluent from the pesticide industry, the Nafion-PSS/SPE showcases remarkable selectivity for the target Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ ions. (148)

Significance

This work presents a facile screen-printing technique that could be potentially adopted for batch production of heavy metal sensing devices. Besides, by scrutinizing the surface properties of the modified sensor, this work aims to provide insights on how the proposed modification approach can help to improve the sensors’ detection performance. (50)

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利用 Nafion-PSS 复合材料增强电极表面亲水性和选择性，用于电化学传感器中的痕量重金属传感

背景有效的电化学传感需要最佳的信号输出值和灵敏度，而这两者之间的关系往往并不直观，因此给传感带来了挑战。为了提高这两方面的性能，本研究设计了一种改性丝网印刷电极（Nafion-PSS/SPE），它由两种富含磺酸盐的聚合物（即 Nafion 和聚（4-苯乙烯磺酸钠）（PSS））复合而成。Nafion-PSS/SPE 被用于通过方波阳极剥离伏安法（SWASV）电化学测定铅（Pb2+）和镉（Cd2+）。这种创新方法旨在提高复杂基质中的检测限和整体分析性能。(84)结果正如水接触角分析所证实的那样，亲水性 PSS 的添加积极改善了 Nafion-PSS/SPE 的表面润湿性。尽管润湿性得到了改善，但改进后的传感器对重金属离子仍具有很高的选择性。循环伏安法（CV）显示，阳离子的电化学活性表面积较大（0.5646 平方厘米），而阴离子的电化学活性表面积相对较小（0.3221 平方厘米）。在优化条件下，Pb2+ 和 Cd2+ 的剥离反应分别在 0.025-0.7ppm 和 0.0125-0.4ppm 的浓度范围内呈现线性。改良传感器的检测限分别为 6.478 ppb（Pb2+）和 5.277 ppb（Cd2+）。所观察到的改进可归因于以下因素，包括磺酸盐配体的存在（Nafion 和 PSS）、润湿性的增强（PSS）和表面选择性（Nafion）。此外，即使存在与农药工业废水成分相同的干扰离子，Nafion-PSS/SPE 对目标 Pb2+ 和 Cd2+ 离子也具有显著的选择性。(148)意义这项研究提出了一种简便的丝网印刷技术，可用于批量生产重金属传感设备。此外，通过仔细研究改性传感器的表面特性，本研究旨在深入探讨所提出的改性方法如何有助于提高传感器的检测性能。(50)

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来源期刊

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 工程技术-材料科学：综合

CiteScore

16.00

自引率

6.30%

发文量

4978

审稿时长

1.8 months

期刊介绍： ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces is a leading interdisciplinary journal that brings together chemists, engineers, physicists, and biologists to explore the development and utilization of newly-discovered materials and interfacial processes for specific applications. Our journal has experienced remarkable growth since its establishment in 2009, both in terms of the number of articles published and the impact of the research showcased. We are proud to foster a truly global community, with the majority of published articles originating from outside the United States, reflecting the rapid growth of applied research worldwide.