Photon-Counting CT Iodine Maps for Diagnosing Chronic Pulmonary Thromboembolism: A Pilot Study.

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of chronic pulmonary thromboembolism assessment using photon-counting detector computed tomography (PCD-CT) iodine maps of the lung parenchyma.

Materials and methods: This institutional review board-approved retrospective study included 83 subjects (49.4% male, aged 62.4 ± 13.4 years; 50.6% female, aged 59.9 ± 17.1 years) who underwent clinically indicated PCD-CT scan to rule out chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Two blinded readers used iodine maps and corresponding sharp-kernel CT reconstructions in the lung window to evaluate perfusion defects and identify patients with chronic pulmonary thromboembolism (CTEPH, CTEPH overlap with other causes of pulmonary hypertension [PH], chronic thromboembolic disease [CTED]). No other clinical or imaging information was given. Discordance was resolved in a subsequent consensus read. The clinical diagnosis was reviewed in an interdisciplinary clinical setting. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of radiologic evaluation and clinical diagnosis were calculated.

Results: Of the 83 subjects included, 32 were diagnosed with CTEPH, CTEPH overlap, or CTED, 35 were diagnosed with PH caused by other pathologic mechanisms, 10 had no PH, and 6 had suffered previous acute pulmonary embolism, which resolved. The interreader agreement was good (Cohen κ = 0.74). The consensus reached high accuracy (0.88), sensitivity (0.94), and specificity (0.84), as well as good agreement with interdisciplinary clinical diagnosis (Cohen κ = 0.75). No cases with confirmed CTEPH as the primary cause of PH or CTED were missed. Patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension were most frequently rated false-positive. The mean effective dose (±standard deviation) was 1.3 (±0.76) mSv.

Conclusions: Accurate, sensitive, and specific diagnosis of pulmonary chronic thromboembolism at low radiation dose is possible using iodine maps reconstructed from PCD-CT scans.