Impact of speed sintering on the mechanical and optical properties of multilayered zirconia.

Abstract

Statement of problem: Speed sintering techniques have been introduced to shorten the sintering time of zirconia ceramics, yet their impact on multilayered zirconia properties remains understudied.

Purpose: The purpose of this in vitro study was to assess the effect of speed sintering on the optical properties and the mechanical flexural strength of multilayered zirconia materials.

Material and methods: A total of 360 disks (Ø14 ±2 mm ×1.2 ±0.02 mm) were fabricated by following the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 6872:2015 standard using 2 types of Vita A2 shade multilayered zirconia materials: IPS e.max ZirCAD Prime (ZP) and IPS e.max ZirCAD Prime Esthetic (ZPE). Each material comprised translucent (Tr), gradient l (Gr), and dentin (De) layers, with 60 disks per layer. Half were sintered using a standard sintering protocol and half using a speed sintering protocol. Biaxial flexural strength was accessed using a universal testing machine equipped with the Blue Hill Universal software program by following the ISO 6872:2015 standard, with 20 disks per subgroup. The spectrophotometric analysis of optical properties (contrast ratio [CR], translucency parameter [TP], and total transmittance [Tt%]) was performed using a dual-beam spectrophotometer (Ultrascan VIS) in accordance with the ISO 7491:2000 standard, with 10 disks per subgroup. The comparison of the optical properties and the mechanical flexural strength between the speed and standard protocol was analyzed using an unpaired t test (α=.05).

Results: Speed sintering reduced biaxial flexural strength in all ZP layers (P<.05) and in ZPE-Gr (P<.05). A statistically significant difference in the CR was observed in the ZP-Tr, ZP-Gr, and ZPE-Gr layers (P<.05). The TP of the ZP-Gr, ZP-De, and ZPE-Gr layers was significantly lower when using the speed sintering protocol. Tt% was significantly lower with speed sintering for both materials (P<.05).

Conclusions: Speed sintering statistically changed both the optical (CR, TP, Tt%) and mechanical (flexural strength) properties of multilayered zirconia materials, but the differences may not be clinically relevant.