Efficient thermal modeling of laser directed energy deposition using the forward Euler scheme: Methodology, merits and limitations

Abstract

This paper explores mesoscale conduction-based modeling of Laser Directed Energy Deposition (LDED) for metallic materials. We benchmark the forward Euler (explicit) time integration strategy against the backward Euler (implicit) scheme using two experimentally validated simulations. Our results demonstrate the explicit scheme’s faster computational speed. Additionally, we identify previously overlooked flaws associated with its application in additive manufacturing. However, we also demonstrate that it encounters limitations when applied to LDED and highlight the need for a more stable explicit scheme.