Exposure of young German adults to the anti-dandruff agent climbazole from 2002 to 2022: Analysis of specific biomarkers in urinary samples

IF 8.1 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Chemosphere Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143611

Isabell Schönrath , Christoph Schmidtkunz , Katja Küpper , Till Weber , Gabriele Leng , Marike Kolossa-Gehring

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Abstract

The fungicide climbazole is mainly used as an anti-dandruff (AD) agent in cosmetics, such as shampoos or other hair care products. Consequently, an exposure of the general population seems likely because many people suffer from dandruff. We have analyzed urine samples from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) for two specific climbazole biomarkers, namely (OH)₂-climbazole and cx–OH–climbazole, in samples collected in the years 2002, 2007, 2012, 2017 and 2022. (OH)₂-Climbazole was determined diastereoselectively, hence three analytes are discussed ((OH)₂-climbazole 1, (OH)₂-climbazole 2 and cx–OH–climbazole). The study population consisted of 300 students (150 male, 150 female) aged between 20 and 29 at the time of sampling from Halle/Saale in Germany. Most samples under scrutiny did not contain any climbazole metabolites in levels above the limit of quantification (LOQ, 0.5 μg/L for either analyte), only in 16 samples at least one analyte could be quantitated. Even the sample with the highest metabolite concentrations (10.23 μg/L (OH)₂-climbazole and 2.53 μg/L cx–OH–climbazole) barely reached the urinary concentrations found in an excretion kinetics study after the typical application of a climbazole-containing shampoo in three volunteers. As a result, estimated daily intakes (max. 1.8 μg/kg bw/d) lay below the subchronic NOAEL (15 mg/kg bw/d) and NOEL (5 mg/kg bw/d) by a factor of more than 8300 and 2700, respectively. The evaluation of the climbazole burden of the general population gives valuable insights for the authorities on the effect of legal restrictions.

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2002 年至 2022 年德国年轻成年人接触去屑剂康拜唑的情况：尿液样本中特定生物标志物的分析。

杀真菌剂克霉唑主要用作化妆品（如洗发水或其他护发产品）中的去屑剂。因此，由于很多人都患有头皮屑，普通人群似乎也有可能接触到这种物质。我们对德国环境样本库（ESB）的尿样进行了分析，以检测 2002、2007、2012、2017 和 2022 年收集的样本中的两种特定攀唑生物标志物，即 (OH)2-climbazole 和 cx-OH-climbazole。(OH)2-climbazole是非对映选择性测定的，因此讨论了三种分析物（(OH)2-climbazole 1、(OH)2-climbazole 2和cx-OH-climbazole）。研究对象包括来自德国哈勒/萨勒的 300 名学生（150 名男生，150 名女生），采样时他们的年龄在 20 至 29 岁之间。大部分受检样本中的任何一种康美唑代谢物含量均未超过定量限（LOQ，任何一种分析物的定量限均为 0.5 微克/升），只有 16 个样本中至少有一种分析物可以定量。即使是代谢物浓度最高的样本（10.23 μg/L (OH)2-climbazole 和 2.53 μg/L cx-OH-climbazole），也几乎没有达到在对三名志愿者使用含攀唑的洗发水后进行的排泄动力学研究中发现的尿液浓度。因此，估计的日摄入量（最大 1.8 μg/kg体重/天）低于亚慢性无观测不良效应水平（15 mg/kg体重/天）和无观测不良效应水平（5 mg/kg体重/天），分别低于 8300 和 2700 倍以上。对普通人群的爬唑负荷进行评估，为有关当局了解法律限制的效果提供了宝贵的信息。

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来源期刊

Chemosphere 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

15.80

自引率

8.00%

发文量

4975

审稿时长

3.4 months

期刊介绍： Chemosphere, being an international multidisciplinary journal, is dedicated to publishing original communications and review articles on chemicals in the environment. The scope covers a wide range of topics, including the identification, quantification, behavior, fate, toxicology, treatment, and remediation of chemicals in the bio-, hydro-, litho-, and atmosphere, ensuring the broad dissemination of research in this field.