Keratoacanthoma versus Squamous-Cell Carcinoma: Histopathological Features and Molecular Markers.

Abstract

Considerable controversy exists within the field of dermatopathology in differentiating keratoacanthoma (KA) from squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC). KAs are rapidly growing, benign squamous tumors that are typically well differentiated. This controversy stems from the diverging perspectives on the management, classification, and diagnosis of each entity. Many believe that KAs are benign neoplasms in which intervention may be unnecessary since they are self-limiting and resolve on their own. On the other hand, SCC needs to be treated, as it carries significant morbidity and mortality risks. Early diagnosis and treatment are vital to prevent serious consequences of SCC. Nevertheless, KAs may resemble SCC grossly and microscopically. Various ancillary tests, including immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, have been proposed to differentiate between these entities, though mixed patterns of expression can limit the diagnostic utility of these techniques. Research into this topic is ongoing, with newer genetic and molecular findings illuminating the previously difficult-to-understand aspects of KA and increasing our understanding of this entity. In this review, KA and SCC will be compared along the lines of histological features, genetic, immune, and molecular markers, differential diagnosis, and management to clarify the similarities, differences, and misconceptions about both entities.