The Fungal Side of the Story: Saprotrophic- vs. Symbiotrophic-Predicted Ecological Roles of Fungal Communities in Two Meromictic Hypersaline Lakes from Romania.

Abstract

Over three-quarters of Earth's surface exhibits extreme environments where life thrives under harsh physicochemical conditions. While prokaryotes have often been investigated in these environments, only recent studies have revealed the remarkable adaptability of eukaryotes, in particular fungi. This study explored the mycobiota of two meromictic hypersaline lakes, Ursu and Fără Fund, in Transylvania (Romania). The intrinsic and extrinsic fungal diversity was assessed using amplicon sequencing of environmental DNA samples from sediments, water columns, surrounding soils, and an associated rivulet. The fungal communities, illustrated by the 18S rRNA gene and ITS2 region, exhibited contrasting patterns between the lakes. The ITS2 region assessed better than the 18S rRNA gene the fungal diversity. The ITS2 data showed that Ascomycota was the most abundant fungal group identified in both lakes, followed by Aphelidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Basidiomycota. Despite similar α-diversity levels, significant differences in fungal community structure were observed between the lakes, correlated with salinity, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and ammonium. Taxonomic profiling revealed depth-specific variations, with Saccharomycetes prevalent in Ursu Lake's deeper layers and Lecanoromycetes prevalent in the Fără Fund Lake. The functional annotation using FungalTraits revealed diverse ecological roles within the fungal communities. Lichenized fungi were dominant in Fără Fund Lake, while saprotrophs were abundant in Ursu Lake. Additionally, wood and soil saprotrophs, along with plant pathogens, were more prevalent in the surrounding soils, rivulet, and surface water layers. A global overview of the trophic relations in each studied niche was impossible to establish due to the unconnected graphs corresponding to the trophic interactions of the analyzed fungi. Plotting the unweighted connected subgraphs at the genus level suggests that salinity made the studied niches similar for the identified taxa. This study shed light on the understudied fungal diversity, distribution, and ecological functions in hypersaline environments.