The Human Health Risk of Heavy Metals Through Oral, Respiratory, and Dermal Exposure: A Case Study in a High Polluted, Abandoned Factory, in Southwest China

IF 3.8 4区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI:10.1007/s11270-024-07562-y

Zhang Jing, Chen Zi Jing, Guo Hang, Xie Qing

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Abstract

With economic development and technical innovation, many factories near city and adjacent suburbs are abandoned. The abandoned chemical materials, contaminated soil, and groundwater could threaten people’s health. The noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of thirteen elements in soil and groundwater around an abandoned pesticide factory in southwest China were investigated. The results show as following, (1) the hazard indexes of heavy metals in soil were 0.409 for adults and 1.315 for children, the exposed children were suffering the adverse health effects. The carcinogenic risk of soil for both adults and children were acceptable. (2) in groundwater, both noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risk for children and adults were unacceptable. The carcinogenic risk of Ni and As in groundwater were 3.42 × 10^–3 and 1.21 × 10^–4, which were greater than the marginal value posing health effects (1 × 10^–4). (3) For both soil and groundwater, the element of Mn was the major contributor to noncarcinogenic risk, with 84.1% for children and 61.3% for adults. Via oral ingestion, health risk index was 1.38 for adults and 1.11 for children. Health risk index value through respiratory and dermal contact for children were respectively 1.26 and 0.82, and that for adults were respectively 0.49 and 0.28. Oral ingestion and respiratory were the major pathways to threaten people’s health.

Graphical Abstract

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重金属通过口腔、呼吸道和皮肤接触对人体健康造成的风险：中国西南地区高污染废弃工厂案例研究

随着经济的发展和技术的革新，许多靠近城市和邻近郊区的工厂被废弃。废弃的化工原料、受污染的土壤和地下水可能会威胁人们的健康。本研究对中国西南某废弃农药厂周围土壤和地下水中 13 种元素的非致癌和致癌风险进行了调查。结果表明：(1) 土壤中重金属对成人的危害指数为 0.409，对儿童的危害指数为 1.315，接触重金属的儿童会受到不良健康影响。土壤对成人和儿童的致癌风险都是可以接受的。(2) 在地下水中，儿童和成人的非致癌风险和致癌风险都是不可接受的。镍和砷在地下水中的致癌风险分别为 3.42 × 10-3 和 1.21 × 10-4，高于对健康造成影响的边际值（1 × 10-4）。(3) 在土壤和地下水中，锰元素是造成非致癌风险的主要因素，儿童和成人的比例分别为 84.1%和 61.3%。通过口服，成人的健康风险指数为 1.38，儿童为 1.11。儿童通过呼吸道和皮肤接触的健康风险指数分别为 1.26 和 0.82，成人分别为 0.49 和 0.28。口服和呼吸道是威胁人类健康的主要途径。

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来源期刊

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

4.50

自引率

6.90%

发文量

448

审稿时长

2.6 months

期刊介绍： Water, Air, & Soil Pollution is an international, interdisciplinary journal on all aspects of pollution and solutions to pollution in the biosphere. This includes chemical, physical and biological processes affecting flora, fauna, water, air and soil in relation to environmental pollution. Because of its scope, the subject areas are diverse and include all aspects of pollution sources, transport, deposition, accumulation, acid precipitation, atmospheric pollution, metals, aquatic pollution including marine pollution and ground water, waste water, pesticides, soil pollution, sewage, sediment pollution, forestry pollution, effects of pollutants on humans, vegetation, fish, aquatic species, micro-organisms, and animals, environmental and molecular toxicology applied to pollution research, biosensors, global and climate change, ecological implications of pollution and pollution models. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution also publishes manuscripts on novel methods used in the study of environmental pollutants, environmental toxicology, environmental biology, novel environmental engineering related to pollution, biodiversity as influenced by pollution, novel environmental biotechnology as applied to pollution (e.g. bioremediation), environmental modelling and biorestoration of polluted environments. Articles should not be submitted that are of local interest only and do not advance international knowledge in environmental pollution and solutions to pollution. Articles that simply replicate known knowledge or techniques while researching a local pollution problem will normally be rejected without review. Submitted articles must have up-to-date references, employ the correct experimental replication and statistical analysis, where needed and contain a significant contribution to new knowledge. The publishing and editorial team sincerely appreciate your cooperation. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution publishes research papers; review articles; mini-reviews; and book reviews.