Health risk assessment of lead and cadmium exposure from food and snuff in Pakistani population

IF 3.6 3区医学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI:10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127544

Hamza Shafiq , Mamoona Amir , Salman Asghar , Aneela Hameed , Muhammad Riaz

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background

Smokeless tobacco (SLT) is a tobacco-based product consumed without burning or smoking. Snuff, commonly known as naswar, is a widely used SLT product in Pakistan. This study is designed to investigate the concentrations of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in snuff and their associated health risks to consumers.

Methods

Blood samples from snuff consumers and non-consumers were analyzed for Pb and Cd concentrations. Additionally, samples of drinking water and wheat flour were also analyzed for Pb and Cd. Health risk assessments were calculated using hazard quotient (HQ) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for Pb and Cd.

Results

Snuff consumers had significantly higher blood-Pb and blood-Cd levels compared to non-consumers. Approximately 38.5 % of snuff consumers were found to exceed blood-Pb levels from the safe limits (10 µg dL⁻¹) of the World Health Organization (WHO), while 48.9 % of snuff consumers were found to exceed blood-Cd levels from the WHO safe range of 0.03–0.12 µg dL⁻¹. Snuff samples contained Pb and Cd concentrations ranging from 5.3 to 22.4 µg g⁻¹ and 0.5–2.2 µg g⁻¹, respectively. Drinking water and wheat flour samples were found within the safe limits for Pb and Cd concentration, suggesting snuff as the primary source of exposure. Health risk assessments indicated elevated HQ values, for Pb (38.9 %) and Cd (14.3 %) detected in snuff, surpassing the safe HQ threshold of 1. Concerning ILCR from snuff, values for Pb were within the acceptable range, but alarmingly 100 % of samples for Cd exceeded the safe limits of USEPA (1.0×10⁻⁴), indicating a significant cancer risk in snuff users.

Conclusion

This study highlights the exceeded Pb and Cd concentrations in snuff as well as also reporting significant carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks to consumers. These findings emphasized the urgent need for regulatory bodies to ensure the safety of snuff before selling in the market. Public Health Professionals should also initiate educational campaigns to raise awareness among consumers and manufacturers about various health risks associated with the snuff.

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巴基斯坦人从食物和鼻烟中摄入铅和镉的健康风险评估

背景无烟烟草（SLT）是一种无需燃烧或吸烟的烟草制品。鼻烟（俗称 naswar）是巴基斯坦广泛使用的一种无烟烟草产品。本研究旨在调查鼻烟中的铅（Pb）和镉（Cd）浓度及其对消费者的相关健康风险。方法对鼻烟消费者和非消费者的血液样本进行铅和镉浓度分析。此外，还对饮用水和小麦粉样本进行了铅和镉分析。结果吸食鼻烟者的血液中铅和镉含量明显高于非吸食者。大约 38.5% 的鼻烟消费者的血液中铅含量超过了世界卫生组织（WHO）规定的安全限值（10 µg dL-¹），而 48.9% 的鼻烟消费者的血液中镉含量超过了世界卫生组织规定的安全范围（0.03-0.12 µg dL-¹）。鼻烟样本中的铅和镉浓度分别为 5.3 至 22.4 微克/克-¹和 0.5 至 2.2 微克/克-¹。饮用水和小麦粉样本中的铅和镉浓度均在安全范围之内，这表明鼻烟是主要的接触源。健康风险评估显示，鼻烟中检测到的铅（38.9%）和镉（14.3%）的 HQ 值升高，超过了 1 的安全 HQ 临界值。这项研究强调了鼻烟中铅和镉浓度超标的问题，同时还报告了对消费者的致癌和非致癌健康风险。这些发现强调了监管机构在鼻烟在市场上销售前确保其安全性的迫切需要。公共卫生专业人员也应开展教育活动，提高消费者和生产商对与鼻烟有关的各种健康风险的认识。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 医学-内分泌学与代谢

CiteScore

6.60

自引率

2.90%

发文量

202

审稿时长

85 days

期刊介绍： The journal provides the reader with a thorough description of theoretical and applied aspects of trace elements in medicine and biology and is devoted to the advancement of scientific knowledge about trace elements and trace element species. Trace elements play essential roles in the maintenance of physiological processes. During the last decades there has been a great deal of scientific investigation about the function and binding of trace elements. The Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology focuses on the description and dissemination of scientific results concerning the role of trace elements with respect to their mode of action in health and disease and nutritional importance. Progress in the knowledge of the biological role of trace elements depends, however, on advances in trace elements chemistry. Thus the Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology will include only those papers that base their results on proven analytical methods. Also, we only publish those articles in which the quality assurance regarding the execution of experiments and achievement of results is guaranteed.