Probabilities of collisions of bodies ejected from forming Earth with the terrestrial planets

IF 2.5 2区物理与天体物理 Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS

Icarus Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI:10.1016/j.icarus.2024.116341

S.I. Ipatov

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Abstract

During formation of the Earth and at the stage of the Late Heavy Bombardment, some bodies collided with the Earth. Such collisions caused ejection of material from the Earth. The motion of bodies ejected from the Earth was studied, and the probabilities of collisions of such bodies with the present terrestrial planets were calculated. The dependences of these probabilities on velocities, angles and points of ejection of bodies were studied. These dependences can be used in the models with different distributions of ejected material. On average, about a half and less than 10 % of initial ejected bodies remained moving in elliptical orbits in the Solar System after 10 and 100 Myr, respectively. A few ejected bodies collided with planets after 250 Myr. As dynamical lifetimes of bodies ejected from the Earth can reach hundreds of million years, a few percent of bodies ejected at the Chicxulub and Popigai events about 36–65 Myr ago can still move in the zone of the terrestrial planets and have small chances to collide with planets, including the Earth. The fraction of ejected bodies that collided with the Earth was greater for smaller ejection velocity. The fractions of bodies delivered to the Earth and Venus probably did not differ much for these planets and were about 0.2–0.3 each. Such obtained results testify in favour of that the upper layers of the Earth and Venus can contain similar material. The fractions of bodies ejected from the Earth that collided with Mercury and Mars did not exceed 0.08 and 0.025, respectively. The fractions of bodies collided with Jupiter were of the order of 0.001. In most calculations the fraction of bodies collided with the Sun was between 0.2 and 0.5. Depending on parameters of ejection, the fraction of bodies ejected into hyperbolic orbits could vary from 0 to 1. Small fractions of material ejected from the Earth can be found on other terrestrial planets and Jupiter, as the ejected bodies could collide with these planets. Bodies ejected from the Earth could deliver organic material to other celestial objects, e.g. to Mars.

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形成地球时喷射出的天体与陆地行星碰撞的概率

在地球形成过程中和重型轰炸后期，一些天体与地球发生了碰撞。这种碰撞导致物质从地球喷出。对从地球喷出的天体的运动进行了研究，并计算了这些天体与目前的陆地行星发生碰撞的概率。研究了这些概率与速度、角度和天体喷射点的关系。这些依赖关系可用于不同喷射物质分布的模型。平均而言，在 10 Myr 和 100 Myr 之后，分别约有一半和不到 10%的初始喷出天体仍在太阳系中以椭圆轨道运动。少数喷出天体在 250 Myr 之后与行星发生碰撞。由于从地球喷出的天体的动力学寿命可达数亿年，因此在大约36-65 Myr前的Chicxulub事件和Popigai事件中喷出的天体中，有百分之几的天体仍能在陆地行星区域内运动，并有很小的机会与包括地球在内的行星发生碰撞。抛射速度越小，与地球相撞的抛射体分数越大。射向地球和金星的天体比例可能相差不大，大约各为 0.2-0.3。这些结果证明，地球和金星的上层可能含有类似的物质。从地球射出的天体与水星和火星相撞的比例分别不超过 0.08 和 0.025。与木星相撞的天体比例约为 0.001。在大多数计算中，与太阳相撞的天体比例在 0.2 和 0.5 之间。根据抛射参数，抛射到双曲线轨道上的天体比例可能从 0 到 1 不等。从地球上抛射出来的一小部分物质可能会在其他陆地行星和木星上发现，因为抛射出来的天体可能会与这些行星相撞。从地球喷出的天体可能会把有机物质送到其他天体，如火星。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Icarus 地学天文-天文与天体物理

CiteScore

6.30

自引率

18.80%

发文量

356

审稿时长

2-4 weeks

期刊介绍： Icarus is devoted to the publication of original contributions in the field of Solar System studies. Manuscripts reporting the results of new research - observational, experimental, or theoretical - concerning the astronomy, geology, meteorology, physics, chemistry, biology, and other scientific aspects of our Solar System or extrasolar systems are welcome. The journal generally does not publish papers devoted exclusively to the Sun, the Earth, celestial mechanics, meteoritics, or astrophysics. Icarus does not publish papers that provide "improved" versions of Bode''s law, or other numerical relations, without a sound physical basis. Icarus does not publish meeting announcements or general notices. Reviews, historical papers, and manuscripts describing spacecraft instrumentation may be considered, but only with prior approval of the editor. An entire issue of the journal is occasionally devoted to a single subject, usually arising from a conference on the same topic. The language of publication is English. American or British usage is accepted, but not a mixture of these.