Exploring the Thermochromic Properties of Fluoran-Based Complexes: Synthesis, Structural Influence, and Application in Temperature Sensing

IF 4.1 3区工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED

Dyes and Pigments Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI:10.1016/j.dyepig.2024.112483

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Abstract

Fluoran dyes are extensively used as key components of thermochromic materials. To expand the scope of fluoran-based thermochromic systems, we conducted a comprehensive study to explore the relationships between the thermochromic properties of three-component complexes and the types and ratios of their constituents: fluoran dyes, developers, and solvents. We synthesized twenty-one fluoran dyes with varied chemical structures, including differences in the carbon chain length of the dialkylamino group, substitutions with electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups, and the enlargement of conjugation systems. By combining these dyes with several phenolic developers and three long-chain alcohols, we prepared numerous thermochromic complexes and evaluated their color-changing behaviors under temperature variations. Complexes utilizing developers, bisphenol (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), 4-hydroxy-4'-isopropoxydiphenylsulfone (D-8), 2,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl sulfone (2, 4'-BPS), and octyl gallate (OG) exhibited a red-to-colorless transition with increasing temperature, whereas those with developer lauryl gallate (LG) displayed a colorless-to-red transition upon heating. The chain length and conjugation extension of fluoran dyes influenced the optimal ratio of the three components. Additionally, substituents on the xanthene moiety of fluoran dyes didn’t impact their complex performance. Finally, we demonstrated the fabrication of these thermochromic complexes on filter papers, showcasing their sensitivity to temperature fluctuations and highlighting their potential application as temperature sensors.

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探索基于氟的配合物的热变色特性：合成、结构影响及在温度传感中的应用

氟素染料被广泛用作热致变色材料的关键成分。为了扩大以芴为基础的热致变色系统的范围，我们进行了一项综合研究，探索三组分复合物的热致变色特性与其组成成分（芴染料、显影剂和溶剂）的类型和比例之间的关系。我们合成了 21 种化学结构各异的芴染料，包括二烷基氨基基团碳链长度的不同、供电子基团和吸电子基团的替换以及共轭体系的扩大。通过将这些染料与几种酚类显影剂和三种长链醇结合，我们制备出了许多热致变色络合物，并评估了它们在温度变化下的变色行为。使用双酚（BPA）、双酚 S（BPS）、4-羟基-4'-异丙氧基二苯砜（D-8）、2,4'-二羟基二苯砜（2,4'-BPS）和没食子酸辛酯（OG）等显色剂的复合物在温度升高时表现出红色到无色的转变，而使用没食子酸月桂酯（LG）等显色剂的复合物在加热时表现出无色到红色的转变。芴染料的链长和共轭延伸影响了三种成分的最佳比例。此外，芴染料的呫吨分子上的取代基并不影响其复合物性能。最后，我们演示了在滤纸上制作这些热致变色复合物的过程，展示了它们对温度波动的敏感性，并突出了它们作为温度传感器的潜在应用。

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来源期刊

Dyes and Pigments 工程技术-材料科学：纺织

CiteScore

8.20

自引率

13.30%

发文量

933

审稿时长

33 days

期刊介绍： Dyes and Pigments covers the scientific and technical aspects of the chemistry and physics of dyes, pigments and their intermediates. Emphasis is placed on the properties of the colouring matters themselves rather than on their applications or the system in which they may be applied. Thus the journal accepts research and review papers on the synthesis of dyes, pigments and intermediates, their physical or chemical properties, e.g. spectroscopic, surface, solution or solid state characteristics, the physical aspects of their preparation, e.g. precipitation, nucleation and growth, crystal formation, liquid crystalline characteristics, their photochemical, ecological or biological properties and the relationship between colour and chemical constitution. However, papers are considered which deal with the more fundamental aspects of colourant application and of the interactions of colourants with substrates or media. The journal will interest a wide variety of workers in a range of disciplines whose work involves dyes, pigments and their intermediates, and provides a platform for investigators with common interests but diverse fields of activity such as cosmetics, reprographics, dye and pigment synthesis, medical research, polymers, etc.