The combined nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application reduced soil multifunctionality in Qinghai-Tibet plateau grasslands, China

IF 3.7 2区 农林科学 Q1 ECOLOGY
Yang Wu , HuaKun Zhou , WenJing Chen , HaoXiang Xue , HongFei Liu , Jie Wang , ShaoJuan Mao , GuoBin Liu , Sha Xue
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

The impact of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer inputs on soil nutrient cycling and ecological function processes has garnered significant attention. Soil multifunctionality primarily refers to the soil's ability to perform multiple functions simultaneously, particularly the functions related to the genes involved in carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycles, which are critical for ecosystem sustainability. Despite this, the effects of N and P fertilizers on the expression of genes involved in soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycles, and their consequent influence on soil multifunctionality, remain unclear. To investigate this, we conducted a long-term nine-year experiment. The experimental site was fenced to prevent grazing and included four treatments: Control (no fertilizer), N (10 g N m−2 y−1, urea), P (5 g P m−2 y−1, Ca(H2PO4)2), and NP (10 g N and 5 g P m−2 y−1, urea and Ca(H2PO4)2). We examined the effects of these treatments on soil microbial functional gene abundance and multifunctionality. Our findings revealed that N addition altered the composition of soil microbial functional genes but did not affect functional diversity. Both N and P inputs, as well as their combination, negatively impacted soil carbon fixation and the genes encoding enzymes for the degradation of starch, hemicellulose, cellulose, and chitin. N input also disrupted soil nitrogen and phosphorus cycling by inhibiting the expression of soil denitrification genes (nirS and nosZ), phytate hydrolase gene (cphy), and a phosphatase gene (phoD). Additionally, P input significantly inhibited functional genes involved in soil nitrification, denitrification, ammonification, nitrogen fixation, and ammonia oxidation processes. It also adversely affected phytate synthesis and degradation. The combined N and P inputs had a substantial negative impact on soil nitrification (hao), denitrification (narG, nirK, nirS, and norZ), ammonification (gdh), nitrogen fixation, annamox, and nitrogen reduction, and inhibited the expression of soil phosphorus cycle genes. Long-term phosphorus application was found to have a more detrimental effect on soil multifunctionality compared to nitrogen application. Furthermore, our study showed that vegetation diversity and abundance are crucial drivers of soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling functional genes and multifunctionality. We concluded that N and P inputs alter soil multifunctionality by influencing vegetation diversity; therefore, maintaining vegetation diversity is essential for sustaining soil multifunctionality.
氮磷联合施肥降低了中国青藏高原草地的土壤多功能性
氮(N)和磷(P)肥料的投入对土壤养分循环和生态功能过程的影响已引起人们的极大关注。土壤多功能性主要指土壤同时执行多种功能的能力,特别是与碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)循环相关的基因功能,这些功能对生态系统的可持续性至关重要。尽管如此,氮肥和磷肥对参与土壤碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)循环的基因表达的影响及其对土壤多功能性的影响仍不清楚。为此,我们进行了一项为期九年的长期实验。实验场地用围栏围住以防止放牧,包括四个处理:对照(不施肥)、氮(10 克氮 m-2 y-1、尿素)、磷(5 克磷 m-2 y-1、Ca(H2PO4)2)和氮磷钾(10 克氮和 5 克磷 m-2 y-1、尿素和 Ca(H2PO4)2)。我们研究了这些处理对土壤微生物功能基因丰度和多功能性的影响。我们的研究结果表明,氮的添加改变了土壤微生物功能基因的组成,但并不影响功能多样性。氮和磷的输入及其组合对土壤碳固定以及淀粉、半纤维素、纤维素和几丁质降解酶的编码基因产生了负面影响。氮的输入还抑制了土壤反硝化基因(nirS 和 nosZ)、植酸水解酶基因(phy)和磷酸酶基因(phoD)的表达,从而破坏了土壤的氮磷循环。此外,P 的输入明显抑制了参与土壤硝化、反硝化、氨化、固氮和氨氧化过程的功能基因。它还对植酸的合成和降解产生不利影响。氮和磷的联合投入对土壤硝化(hao)、反硝化(narG、nirK、nirS 和 norZ)、氨化(ghdh)、固氮、氨氧化和氮还原产生了很大的负面影响,并抑制了土壤磷循环基因的表达。与施氮相比,长期施磷对土壤多功能性的不利影响更大。此外,我们的研究还表明,植被多样性和丰度是土壤碳、氮、磷循环功能基因和多功能性的关键驱动因素。我们的结论是,氮和磷的输入通过影响植被多样性来改变土壤的多功能性;因此,保持植被多样性对维持土壤多功能性至关重要。
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来源期刊
European Journal of Soil Biology
European Journal of Soil Biology 环境科学-生态学
CiteScore
6.90
自引率
0.00%
发文量
51
审稿时长
27 days
期刊介绍: The European Journal of Soil Biology covers all aspects of soil biology which deal with microbial and faunal ecology and activity in soils, as well as natural ecosystems or biomes connected to ecological interests: biodiversity, biological conservation, adaptation, impact of global changes on soil biodiversity and ecosystem functioning and effects and fate of pollutants as influenced by soil organisms. Different levels in ecosystem structure are taken into account: individuals, populations, communities and ecosystems themselves. At each level, different disciplinary approaches are welcomed: molecular biology, genetics, ecophysiology, ecology, biogeography and landscape ecology.
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