Effects of integrated takeover request warning with personal portable device on takeover time and post-takeover performance in level 3 driving automation

IF 3.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI:10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.016

Niloy Talukder , Chris Lee , Yong Hoon Kim , Balakumar Balasingam , Francesco Biondi , Aditya Subramani Murugan , Eunsik Kim

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Introduction: Level 3 driving automation defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) requests human drivers to drive manually when the vehicle cannot perform the driving task. In this regard, researchers have studied the integrated takeover request (TOR) which provides visual and auditory TOR warning in both vehicle interface (e.g., dashboard, windshield (head-up display) and personal portable device (PPD) (e.g., cell phone, tablet). However, these studies neither used auditory TOR warning in PPD nor examined the effect of use of headphone on takeover. Thus, this study evaluates the effects of the integrated TOR with the use of headphones on the takeover time and the post-takeover performance. Method: The behavior of 60 drivers was observed in the driving simulator experiment. During the experiment, the drivers watched a video on a tablet in automated driving, received the TOR warning, and manually drove in the lane change and pullover scenarios. The survey was also conducted to ask drivers’ experience and preference for TOR warning. Results: The integrated TOR significantly reduced the takeover time compared to the conventional TOR which provides the TOR warning in vehicle interface only. The integrated TOR also improved the post-takeover performance as indicated by more stable steering operation and safer driving behavior after TOR warning. However, the use of headphones did not significantly reduce the takeover time or improve the post-takeover performance for the integrated TOR. The participants generally perceived higher subjective comfort and safety level with the integrated TOR than the conventional TOR. Conclusions: The integrated TOR with auditory warning in PPD can significantly reduce the takeover time and improve the post-takeover performance in both urgent and less urgent conditions. Practical applications: The integrated TOR with auditory warning in PPD can be applied to SAE Level 3 driving automation for safe transition from automated to manual driving.

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带个人便携式设备的综合接管请求警告对 3 级自动驾驶中的接管时间和接管后性能的影响

导言：美国汽车工程师学会（SAE）定义的三级自动驾驶要求人类驾驶员在车辆无法完成驾驶任务时进行手动驾驶。在这方面，研究人员已经对综合接管请求（TOR）进行了研究，该请求可在车辆界面（如仪表盘、挡风玻璃（平视显示器））和个人便携设备（PPD）（如手机、平板电脑）上提供视觉和听觉TOR警告。但是，这些研究既没有在 PPD 中使用听觉 TOR 警告，也没有研究使用耳机对接管的影响。因此，本研究评估了使用耳机的综合 TOR 对接管时间和接管后表现的影响。研究方法在驾驶模拟器实验中观察了 60 名驾驶员的行为。在实验过程中，驾驶员在平板电脑上观看了自动驾驶视频，收到了 TOR 警告，并在变道和靠边停车场景中进行了手动驾驶。此外，还进行了一项调查，以了解驾驶员对 TOR 警告的体验和偏好。结果：与仅在车辆界面提供 TOR 警告的传统 TOR 相比，集成 TOR 大大缩短了接管时间。集成式 TOR 还改善了接管后的性能，表现在 TOR 警告后转向操作更稳定，驾驶行为更安全。不过，使用耳机并没有明显缩短接管时间，也没有明显改善集成式 TOR 的接管后性能。与传统的 TOR 相比，参与者普遍认为集成式 TOR 的主观舒适度和安全水平更高。结论：在 PPD 中使用带有听觉警告的综合 TOR 可以大大缩短接管时间，并提高紧急情况和非紧急情况下的接管后性能。实际应用：带有听觉警告的 PPD 集成 TOR 可应用于 SAE 3 级自动驾驶，实现从自动驾驶到手动驾驶的安全过渡。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Journal of Safety Research Multiple-

CiteScore

6.40

自引率

4.90%

发文量

174

审稿时长

61 days

期刊介绍： Journal of Safety Research is an interdisciplinary publication that provides for the exchange of ideas and scientific evidence capturing studies through research in all areas of safety and health, including traffic, workplace, home, and community. This forum invites research using rigorous methodologies, encourages translational research, and engages the global scientific community through various partnerships (e.g., this outreach includes highlighting some of the latest findings from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).