Testing microbial pest control products in bees, a comparative study on different bee species and their interaction with two representative microorganisms
Karoline Wueppenhorst, Kevin Nack, Silvio Erler, Jens Pistorius, Abdulrahim T. Alkassab
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Abstract
Background
The evaluation of the impact of pesticides on non-target species, like bees, is a crucial factor in registration procedures. Therefore, standardized test procedures have been developed on OECD level assessing the effects of chemicals on honey bees or bumble bees. Unfortunately, these protocols cannot directly be adapted for testing products that contain microorganisms. Interest in the use of microorganisms has increased in recent years due to their specificity to target species while not harming non-target organisms. This study aimed to evaluate optimal conditions to assess the effects of microbial plant protection products on bee species according to currently available test protocols. Some of the most commonly used microorganisms for plant protection, Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies aizawai (B. t. a. ABTS 1857) and Beauveria bassiana (B. b. ATCC 74040) were tested on Apis mellifera, Bombus terrestris, and Osmia bicornis at different temperatures (18, 26, 33 °C) under laboratory conditions.
Results
Exposure to the product containing B. t. a. ABTS 1857 resulted in higher mortality compared to B. b. ATCC 74040 in all tested bee species. A temperature-dependent effect towards higher mortality at higher temperatures of 26 °C or 33 °C was observed in O. bicornis exposed to both microorganisms. A. mellifera showed variable responses, but for B. terrestris there was mostly no effect of temperature when exposed to microorganisms in high concentrations. However, temperature affected longevity of bee species in the non-exposed control group. A. mellifera mortality increased with decreasing temperatures, while B. terrestris and O. bicornis mortality increased with increasing temperatures. A test duration of 15 or 20 days was found to be suitable for testing these microorganisms.
Conclusion
In conclusion, 26 °C should be considered the worst-case scenario for testing B. bassiana on all tested bee species. For testing B. thuringiensis, a temperature of 33 °C is recommended for A. mellifera, whereas B. terrestris and O. bicornis should be tested at 26 °C.
背景评估农药对蜜蜂等非目标物种的影响是登记程序中的一个关键因素。因此，经合组织（OECD）制定了标准化测试程序，评估化学品对蜜蜂或大黄蜂的影响。遗憾的是，这些规程不能直接用于测试含有微生物的产品。近年来，由于微生物对目标物种具有特异性，同时不会对非目标生物造成伤害，因此人们对使用微生物的兴趣与日俱增。本研究旨在根据目前可用的测试协议，评估微生物植保产品对蜜蜂物种影响的最佳条件。一些最常用的植物保护微生物，苏云金芽孢杆菌亚种 aizawai（B. t. a. ABTS 1857）和巴氏杆菌 Beauveria bassiana（B. b. ATCC 74040）进行了测试。ATCC74040）在不同温度（18、26、33 °C）下对蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）、土蜂（Bombus terrestris）和茭白（Osmia bicornis）进行了测试。在 26 °C 或 33 °C 的较高温度下，暴露于这两种微生物的 O. bicornis 死亡率较高。A. mellifera 的反应不一，但 B. terrestris 在接触高浓度微生物时大多不受温度影响。然而，温度影响了未接触对照组蜜蜂物种的寿命。A. mellifera 的死亡率随着温度的降低而增加，而 B. terrestris 和 O. bicornis 的死亡率则随着温度的升高而增加。总之，在对所有受试蜂种进行 B. bassiana 试验时，应将 26 °C 视为最坏的情况。在测试苏云金杆菌时，建议对 A. mellifera 在 33 °C 的温度下进行测试，而对 B. terrestris 和 O. bicornis 则应在 26 °C 的温度下进行测试。
期刊介绍：
ESEU is an international journal, focusing primarily on Europe, with a broad scope covering all aspects of environmental sciences, including the main topic regulation.
ESEU will discuss the entanglement between environmental sciences and regulation because, in recent years, there have been misunderstandings and even disagreement between stakeholders in these two areas. ESEU will help to improve the comprehension of issues between environmental sciences and regulation.
ESEU will be an outlet from the German-speaking (DACH) countries to Europe and an inlet from Europe to the DACH countries regarding environmental sciences and regulation.
Moreover, ESEU will facilitate the exchange of ideas and interaction between Europe and the DACH countries regarding environmental regulatory issues.
Although Europe is at the center of ESEU, the journal will not exclude the rest of the world, because regulatory issues pertaining to environmental sciences can be fully seen only from a global perspective.
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