Bimetallic metal–organic frameworks (BMOFs) for dye removal: a review

Abstract

Safe drinking water and a clean living environment are essential for good health. However, the extensive and growing use of hazardous chemicals, particularly carcinogenic dyes like methylene blue, methyl orange, rhodamine B, and malachite green, in both domestic and industrial settings, has led to a scarcity of potable water and environmental challenges. This trend poses a serious threat to human society, sustainable global development, and marine ecosystems. Consequently, researchers are exploring more advanced methods beyond traditional wastewater treatment to address the removal or degradation of these toxic dyes. Conventional approaches are often inadequate for effectively removing dyes from industrial wastewater. In this study, we investigated bimetallic metal–organic frameworks (BMOFs) as a solution to these limitations. BMOFs demonstrated outstanding dye removal and degradation capabilities due to their multifunctionality, water stability, large surface area, adjustable pore size, and recyclability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of research on dye removal from wastewater using BMOFs, including their synthesis methods, types of dyes, and processes involved in dye removal, such as degradation and adsorption. Finally, the review discusses the future potential and emerging opportunities for BMOFs in sustainable water treatment.