The Water Balance Representation in Urban-PLUMBER Land Surface Models

IF 4.4 2区 地球科学 Q1 METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES
H. J. Jongen, M. Lipson, A. J. Teuling, S. Grimmond, J.-J. Baik, M. Best, M. Demuzere, K. Fortuniak, Y. Huang, M. G. De Kauwe, R. Li, J. McNorton, N. Meili, K. Oleson, S.-B. Park, T. Sun, A. Tsiringakis, M. Varentsov, C. Wang, Z.-H. Wang, G. J. Steeneveld
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Abstract

Urban Land Surface Models (ULSMs) simulate energy and water exchanges between the urban surface and atmosphere. However, earlier systematic ULSM comparison projects assessed the energy balance but ignored the water balance, which is coupled to the energy balance. Here, we analyze the water balance representation in 19 ULSMs participating in the Urban-PLUMBER project using results for 20 sites spread across a range of climates and urban form characteristics. As observations for most water fluxes are unavailable, we examine the water balance closure, flux timing, and magnitude with a score derived from seven indicators expecting better scoring models to capture the latent heat flux more accurately. We find that the water budget is only closed in 57% of the model-site combinations assuming closure when annual total incoming fluxes (precipitation and irrigation) fluxes are within 3% of the outgoing (all other) fluxes. Results show the timing is better captured than magnitude. No ULSM has passed all water balance indicators for any site. Models passing more indicators do not capture the latent heat flux more accurately refuting our hypothesis. While output reporting inconsistencies may have negatively affected model performance, our results indicate models could be improved by explicitly verifying water balance closure and revising runoff parameterizations. By expanding ULSM evaluation to the water balance and related to latent heat flux performance, we demonstrate the benefits of evaluating processes with direct feedback mechanisms to the processes of interest.

Abstract Image

城市地表模型中的水平衡表示法
城市地表模型(ULSM)模拟了城市地表与大气之间的能量和水分交换。然而,早期的系统性 ULSM 比较项目只评估了能量平衡,却忽略了与能量平衡耦合的水平衡。在这里,我们利用分布在不同气候和城市形态特征的 20 个站点的结果,分析了参与城市-PLUMBER 项目的 19 个 ULSM 中的水平衡表示。由于无法获得大多数水通量的观测数据,我们对水平衡闭合、通量时间和大小进行了研究,并根据七项指标进行了评分,希望评分较高的模型能够更准确地捕捉潜热通量。我们发现,只有 57% 的模型站点组合的水平衡是闭合的,即年度总流入通量(降水和灌溉)不超过流出通量(所有其他通量)的 3%。结果表明,对时间的把握比对幅度的把握更好。没有任何一个超大规模土地退化模型通过了任何地点的所有水平衡指标。通过更多指标的模型并不能更准确地捕捉潜热通量,这反驳了我们的假设。虽然输出报告不一致可能会对模型性能产生负面影响,但我们的结果表明,可以通过明确验证水平衡闭合和修改径流参数来改进模型。通过将 ULSM 评估扩展到水平衡及相关潜热通量性能,我们证明了对具有直接反馈机制的过程进行评估的好处。
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来源期刊
Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES-
CiteScore
11.40
自引率
11.80%
发文量
241
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: The Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems (JAMES) is committed to advancing the science of Earth systems modeling by offering high-quality scientific research through online availability and open access licensing. JAMES invites authors and readers from the international Earth systems modeling community. Open access. Articles are available free of charge for everyone with Internet access to view and download. Formal peer review. Supplemental material, such as code samples, images, and visualizations, is published at no additional charge. No additional charge for color figures. Modest page charges to cover production costs. Articles published in high-quality full text PDF, HTML, and XML. Internal and external reference linking, DOI registration, and forward linking via CrossRef.
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