Standalone Ni-Free Electrode for Direct Urea/Urine Real Fuel Cell Operation

IF 4.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

International Journal of Energy Research Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI:10.1155/2024/1629152

Enas Taha Sayed, Norah Alwadai, Manar Alshatwi

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Abstract

Developing cost-effective, durable anode electrodes is essential for commercializing direct urea fuel cells (FCs). In the current study, standalone copper hydroxide nanograss was grown on the surface of the copper foam at room temperature. The surface morphology, elemental analysis, and crystalline structure were investigated. The prepared materials demonstrated a high activity towards urea electro-oxidation that increased with increasing urea concentration and slightly decreased at 4 M. The generated current using the modified electrodes is almost twice that obtained using the bare copper foam. The electrodes effectively operated for a prolonged current discharge (15 hr) using 3 M urea with outstanding stability. The morphology of the nanograss was retained even after such a very long time of operation. Moreover, the prepared materials are effectively used for the current generation from real urine with and without pH adjustment. Finally, real FC operation using urine was verified, showing an open circuit voltage of 1 V. The cell was operated for a long time, demonstrating the potential of the prepared electrodes for commercialization to realize simultaneous wastewater treatment and electricity generation from urine and other urea-contaminated wastewater.

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用于尿素/尿液燃料电池直接运行的独立无镍电极

开发具有成本效益、经久耐用的阳极电极对于直接尿素燃料电池（FC）的商业化至关重要。本研究在室温下在泡沫铜表面生长了独立的氢氧化铜纳米草。研究人员对其表面形态、元素分析和晶体结构进行了调查。所制备的材料对尿素电氧化具有很高的活性，随着尿素浓度的增加而增加，当浓度为 4 M 时活性略有降低。使用改性电极产生的电流几乎是使用裸泡沫铜产生的电流的两倍。在使用 3 M 尿素的情况下，电极能有效地进行长时间放电（15 小时），稳定性极佳。即使经过如此长时间的操作，纳米草的形态仍得以保留。此外，所制备的材料还可有效地用于利用真实尿液产生电流，无论是否经过 pH 值调整。最后，利用尿液进行的真正 FC 运行得到了验证，显示开路电压为 1 V。该电池运行了很长时间，这表明所制备的电极具有商业化潜力，可同时利用尿液和其他受尿素污染的废水进行废水处理和发电。

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来源期刊

International Journal of Energy Research 工程技术-核科学技术

CiteScore

9.80

自引率

8.70%

发文量

1170

审稿时长

3.1 months

期刊介绍： The International Journal of Energy Research (IJER) is dedicated to providing a multidisciplinary, unique platform for researchers, scientists, engineers, technology developers, planners, and policy makers to present their research results and findings in a compelling manner on novel energy systems and applications. IJER covers the entire spectrum of energy from production to conversion, conservation, management, systems, technologies, etc. We encourage papers submissions aiming at better efficiency, cost improvements, more effective resource use, improved design and analysis, reduced environmental impact, and hence leading to better sustainability. IJER is concerned with the development and exploitation of both advanced traditional and new energy sources, systems, technologies and applications. Interdisciplinary subjects in the area of novel energy systems and applications are also encouraged. High-quality research papers are solicited in, but are not limited to, the following areas with innovative and novel contents: -Biofuels and alternatives -Carbon capturing and storage technologies -Clean coal technologies -Energy conversion, conservation and management -Energy storage -Energy systems -Hybrid/combined/integrated energy systems for multi-generation -Hydrogen energy and fuel cells -Hydrogen production technologies -Micro- and nano-energy systems and technologies -Nuclear energy -Renewable energies (e.g. geothermal, solar, wind, hydro, tidal, wave, biomass) -Smart energy system