From molecules to heart regeneration: Understanding the complex and profound role of non-coding RNAs in stimulating cardiomyocyte proliferation for cardiac repair

Abstract

Recent studies of noncoding genomes have shown important implications for regulating gene expression and genetic programs during development and their association with health, including cardiovascular disease. There are nearly 2,500 microRNAs (miRNAs), 12,000 long-chain non-coding RNAs (lncRNA), and nearly 4,000 circular RNAs (circles). Even though they do not code for proteins, they make up nearly 99% of the human genome. Non-coding RNA families (ncRNAs) have recently been discovered and established as novel and necessary controllers of cardiovascular risk factors and cellular processes and, therefore, have the potential to improve the diagnosis and prediction of cardiovascular disease. The increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease can be explained by the shortcomings of existing therapies, which focus only on the non-coding RNAs that protein codes for. On the other hand, recent studies point to the possibility of using ncRNAs in the early detection and intervention of CVD. These findings suggest that developing diagnostic tools and therapies based on miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs will potentially enhance the clinical management of patients with cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular diseases include CH, HF, RHD, ACS, MI, AS, MF, ARR, and PAH, of which CH is the most common cardiovascular disease, followed by HF and RHD. This paper aims to elucidate the biological and clinical significance of miRNAs, increase, and circles, as well as their expression profiles and the possibility of regulating non-coding transcripts in cardiovascular diseases to improve the application of ncRNAs in diagnosis and treatment.