An overview of interpretability of two models of unbound fraction that are used in combination with the well-stirred model for predicting hepatic clearance of drugs

Abstract

Hypothetical and experimental models of unbound fraction have been proposed to facilitate predicting the hepatic clearance (CL_H) of drugs from values of intrinsic clearance for the unbound drug (CL_{int-in vitro-unbound}) and the well-stirred model (WSM). The hypothetical model (fu_-adjusted) is adjusting the unbound fractions determined in plasma in vitro to estimate the maximum unbound fractions at the hepatocytes if each drug-protein complex in plasma becomes fully dissociated at the membrane by any albumin (ALB)-facilitated hepatic uptake mechanism. The model of fu_-adjusted is also adjusting the unbound fraction for a pH gradient effect across the membrane. Alternatively, the new experimental model (fu_-dynamic) measures the unbound fractions resulting to the dynamic dissociation kinetics from proteins in the presence of plasma and a liver enzyme in an in vitro assay. The objective of this study was to conduct an in-depth analysis of previous CL_H predictions made with these unbound fractions in a companion manuscript. Furthermore, a new dataset on transporter substrates was also included in this study. Finally, the physiological basis of fu_-adjusted has been redefined to extend its applicability with more drugs. In this case, there are lower concentrations of binding proteins in liver versus plasma that could also explain the higher unbound fractions for that organ. The outcomes associated to additional analyses pointed out that fu_-adjusted, again, generally provided the most accurate predictions of CL_H because fu_-dynamic has generated superior biases of underpredictions or overpredictions. For slowly metabolized drugs bound to ALB, fu_-dynamic was definitively less accurate than fu_-adjusted. For other drug properties, fu_-dynamic fared better but it was still not generally more accurate than fu_-adjusted. Furthermore, experimental values of fu_-dynamic were sometimes incoherent. For example, drugs bound to alpha-acid glycoprotein (AGP) did not follow the principle of fu_-dynamic (i.e., values of fu_-dynamic did not correlate with values of CL_{int-in vitro-unbound}) by contrast to those drugs bound to ALB. Therefore, the current experimental setting for fu_-dynamic might be unsuitable in some circumstances. Overall, this study confirmed that calculated values of fu_-adjusted were as accurate as experimental values of fu_-dynamic and can even be more accurate. A guidance on which unbound fraction to use in the WSM is also provided.