Attributing Urban Evapotranspiration From Eddy-Covariance to Surface Cover: Bottom-Up Versus Top-Down

IF 4.6 1区 地球科学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
H. J. Jongen, S. Vulova, F. Meier, G. J. Steeneveld, F. A. Jansen, D. Tetzlaff, B. Kleinschmit, N. Haacke, A. J. Teuling
{"title":"Attributing Urban Evapotranspiration From Eddy-Covariance to Surface Cover: Bottom-Up Versus Top-Down","authors":"H. J. Jongen, S. Vulova, F. Meier, G. J. Steeneveld, F. A. Jansen, D. Tetzlaff, B. Kleinschmit, N. Haacke, A. J. Teuling","doi":"10.1029/2024wr037508","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Evapotranspiration <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/5d18cc63-d71d-49d9-9c2a-db2a954fa1fb/wrcr27473-math-0001.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"216\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27473-math-0001.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"4\" data-semantic-content=\"0,5\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"leftright\" data-semantic-speech=\"left parenthesis upper E upper T right parenthesis\" data-semantic-type=\"fenced\"><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"open\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"1,2\" data-semantic-content=\"3\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"4\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"4\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"4\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"close\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr27473:wrcr27473-math-0001\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27473-math-0001.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"4\" data-semantic-content=\"0,5\" data-semantic-role=\"leftright\" data-semantic-speech=\"left parenthesis upper E upper T right parenthesis\" data-semantic-type=\"fenced\"><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"open\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" stretchy=\"false\">(</mo><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"1,2\" data-semantic-content=\"3\" data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"4\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">E</mi><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"4\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\">⁢</mo><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"4\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">T</mi></mrow><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"close\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" stretchy=\"false\">)</mo></mrow>$(ET)$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> is a key process in the hydrological cycle that can help mitigate urban heat. <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/1ae5dd4c-ef0d-4887-9ae0-cc4564020cc8/wrcr27473-math-0002.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"217\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27473-math-0002.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-content=\"2\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper E upper T\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr27473:wrcr27473-math-0002\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27473-math-0002.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-content=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper E upper T\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">E</mi><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\">⁢</mo><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">T</mi></mrow>$ET$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> depends on the surface cover, as the surface affects the partitioning of precipitation between runoff and evapotranspiration. In urban neighborhoods, this surface cover is highly heterogeneous. The resulting neighborhood-scale <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/f442492c-4f20-4b79-b920-3b025bd59da8/wrcr27473-math-0003.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"218\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27473-math-0003.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-content=\"2\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper E upper T\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr27473:wrcr27473-math-0003\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27473-math-0003.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-content=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper E upper T\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">E</mi><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\">⁢</mo><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">T</mi></mrow>$ET$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> can be observed with eddy-covariance systems. However, these observations represent the signal from wind- and stability-dependent footprints resulting in a continuously changing contribution of surface cover types to the observation. This continuous change prevents quantifying the contribution of the surface cover types to neighborhood <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/b03a0298-b209-4b29-83be-7a4b8f209b73/wrcr27473-math-0004.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"219\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27473-math-0004.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-content=\"2\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper E upper T\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr27473:wrcr27473-math-0004\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27473-math-0004.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-content=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper E upper T\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">E</mi><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\">⁢</mo><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">T</mi></mrow>$ET$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> and their hourly dynamics. Here, we disentangle this neighborhood-scale <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/72f09ce9-3473-435e-95b4-052965cc03b9/wrcr27473-math-0005.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"220\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27473-math-0005.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-content=\"2\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper E upper T\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr27473:wrcr27473-math-0005\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27473-math-0005.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-content=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper E upper T\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">E</mi><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\">⁢</mo><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">T</mi></mrow>$ET$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> at two sites in Berlin attributing the patch-scale <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/06f908fd-6cc2-446f-822f-6d02cee4640c/wrcr27473-math-0006.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"221\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27473-math-0006.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-content=\"2\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper E upper T\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr27473:wrcr27473-math-0006\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27473-math-0006.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-content=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper E upper T\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">E</mi><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\">⁢</mo><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">T</mi></mrow>$ET$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> dynamics to the four major surface cover types in the footprint: impervious surfaces, low vegetation, high vegetation, and open water. From the bottom-up, we reconstruct neighborhood <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/655bf48f-aaa2-49f1-9e84-5006802cf6e8/wrcr27473-math-0007.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"222\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27473-math-0007.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-content=\"2\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper E upper T\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr27473:wrcr27473-math-0007\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27473-math-0007.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-content=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper E upper T\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">E</mi><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\">⁢</mo><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">T</mi></mrow>$ET$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> based on patch-scale observations and conceptual models. Alternatively, we start top-down and attribute neighborhood <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/c5e7fa4c-671b-46fd-9b91-9419ddfce9b5/wrcr27473-math-0008.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"223\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27473-math-0008.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-content=\"2\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper E upper T\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr27473:wrcr27473-math-0008\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27473-math-0008.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-content=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper E upper T\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">E</mi><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\">⁢</mo><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">T</mi></mrow>$ET$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> to the surface cover types solving a system of equations for three eddy-covariance systems. Although data requirements for the bottom-up approach are met more frequently, both approaches indicate that vegetation is responsible for more <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/98aedb32-0b87-4cdf-9a9a-b02b93d110e5/wrcr27473-math-0009.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"224\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27473-math-0009.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-content=\"2\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper E upper T\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr27473:wrcr27473-math-0009\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27473-math-0009.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-content=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper E upper T\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">E</mi><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\">⁢</mo><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">T</mi></mrow>$ET$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> than proportional to its surface fraction in the footprint related to the large evaporating surface compared to the ground surface. Evaporation from impervious surfaces cannot be neglected, although it is less than from vegetation due to limited water availability. The limited water availability causes impervious surfaces to cease evaporation hours after rainfall, while vegetation and open water sustain <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/8c0a8495-098c-4198-8e7c-a4930024dd6b/wrcr27473-math-0010.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"225\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27473-math-0010.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-content=\"2\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper E upper T\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr27473:wrcr27473-math-0010\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr27473-math-0010.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-content=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper E upper T\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">E</mi><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\">⁢</mo><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\">T</mi></mrow>$ET$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> for extended periods.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Water Resources Research","FirstCategoryId":"89","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr037508","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

Abstract

Evapotranspiration (ET)$(ET)$ is a key process in the hydrological cycle that can help mitigate urban heat. ET$ET$ depends on the surface cover, as the surface affects the partitioning of precipitation between runoff and evapotranspiration. In urban neighborhoods, this surface cover is highly heterogeneous. The resulting neighborhood-scale ET$ET$ can be observed with eddy-covariance systems. However, these observations represent the signal from wind- and stability-dependent footprints resulting in a continuously changing contribution of surface cover types to the observation. This continuous change prevents quantifying the contribution of the surface cover types to neighborhood ET$ET$ and their hourly dynamics. Here, we disentangle this neighborhood-scale ET$ET$ at two sites in Berlin attributing the patch-scale ET$ET$ dynamics to the four major surface cover types in the footprint: impervious surfaces, low vegetation, high vegetation, and open water. From the bottom-up, we reconstruct neighborhood ET$ET$ based on patch-scale observations and conceptual models. Alternatively, we start top-down and attribute neighborhood ET$ET$ to the surface cover types solving a system of equations for three eddy-covariance systems. Although data requirements for the bottom-up approach are met more frequently, both approaches indicate that vegetation is responsible for more ET$ET$ than proportional to its surface fraction in the footprint related to the large evaporating surface compared to the ground surface. Evaporation from impervious surfaces cannot be neglected, although it is less than from vegetation due to limited water availability. The limited water availability causes impervious surfaces to cease evaporation hours after rainfall, while vegetation and open water sustain ET$ET$ for extended periods.
从涡度-协方差到地表覆盖归因城市蒸散量:自下而上与自上而下
蒸散(ET)$(ET)$ 是水文循环中的一个关键过程,有助于缓解城市热量。ET$ET$ 取决于地表覆盖,因为地表会影响降水在径流和蒸散之间的分配。在城市街区,地表覆盖是高度不均匀的。由此产生的邻域尺度 ET$ET$ 可通过涡度协方差系统进行观测。然而,这些观测数据代表了来自风和稳定性脚印的信号,导致地表覆盖类型对观测数据的贡献不断变化。这种持续变化阻碍了量化地表覆盖类型对邻近 ET$ET$ 及其每小时动态的贡献。在此,我们将柏林两个地点的邻域尺度 ETET$ 分解,将斑块尺度 ETET$ 动态归因于足迹中的四种主要地表覆盖类型:不透水表面、低植被、高植被和开放水域。我们根据斑块尺度观测数据和概念模型,自下而上地重建邻近地区的 ETET$ 。或者,我们也可以自上而下,通过求解三个涡度-协方差系统的方程组,将邻近地区的 ET$ET$ 归因于地表覆盖类型。虽然自下而上法更能满足数据要求,但两种方法都表明,植被造成的 ETET$ 多于其在足迹中的表面比例,这与蒸发面大于地表有关。不透水表面的蒸发量也不容忽视,尽管由于可用水量有限,其蒸发量要小于植被的蒸发量。由于可用水量有限,不透水表面在降雨后数小时就会停止蒸发,而植被和开阔水域则可长时间维持 ET$ET$。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Water Resources Research
Water Resources Research 环境科学-湖沼学
CiteScore
8.80
自引率
13.00%
发文量
599
审稿时长
3.5 months
期刊介绍: Water Resources Research (WRR) is an interdisciplinary journal that focuses on hydrology and water resources. It publishes original research in the natural and social sciences of water. It emphasizes the role of water in the Earth system, including physical, chemical, biological, and ecological processes in water resources research and management, including social, policy, and public health implications. It encompasses observational, experimental, theoretical, analytical, numerical, and data-driven approaches that advance the science of water and its management. Submissions are evaluated for their novelty, accuracy, significance, and broader implications of the findings.
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