Characterization of the mycobiome of Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings damaged by forest animals, with an emphasis on pathogenic species

IF 1.7 3区 农林科学 Q2 AGRONOMY
Adam Okorski, Gabriela Paczkowska, Joanna Dąbrowska, Artur Rutkiewicz, Piotr Borowik, Agnieszka Pszczółkowska, Tomasz Oszako
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Abstract

In Poland, red deer, roe deer and elk cause great damage to pine stands, and pine is the predominant forest-forming tree species in Polish forests. Pine seedlings planted adjacent to agricultural fields face heightened risk of damage from nocturnal foraging by game animals, which retreat to forested areas during the day. This damage creates openings for fungal entry, particularly by concerning plant pathogens, such as Fusarium species, which are prevalent in agricultural settings. This study aimed to analyze the mycobiome of pine seedlings damaged by forest animals, focusing on the presence of concerning pathogens in infested pine seedlings collected from ten forest plantations at various distances from rural areas. Samples of pine seedlings bitten by forest animals were taken from 10 forest plantations at different distances from rural areas. Selected diversity indices were determined to compare the fungal populations. Mycological analysis of the gnawed pine shoots using culture and qPCR methods revealed 746 fungal colonies. The most frequently isolated species were: Fusarium avenaceum, Alternaria alternata, Botrytis sp., Cladosporium cladosporioides, representatives of the genus Penicillium, Rhizopus nigricans and Fusarium oxysporum, which were found in samples from all study plots and are thus ubiquitous. Species that are typical pathogens of agricultural crops, such as Fusarium avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. poae, F. sporotrichioides and F. tricinctum, were also isolated from damaged seedling tissue in forest plantations neighbouring agricultural fields. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis showed that the importance of secondary pathogens, represented by species of the genus Fusarium, decreased with increasing distance from agricultural fields, while the importance of primary pathogens increased. Younger pine seedlings exhibited lower species diversity and a higher prevalence of specific secondary pathogen species, coupled with heightened susceptibility to infection compared to older seedlings when subjected to tissue damage by forest animals. These findings underscore not only variations among plantations in proximity to agricultural fields but also suggest potential inter-land spread of fungi, emphasizing the need for integrated management strategies across agricultural and forestry domains.

Abstract Image

被森林动物破坏的欧洲赤松(Pinus sylvestris L.)幼苗真菌生物群的特征,重点是致病物种
在波兰,红鹿、狍子和麋鹿对松树林造成了巨大破坏,而松树是波兰森林中最主要的成林树种。种植在农田附近的松树幼苗面临着更大的风险,因为狩猎动物会在夜间觅食,而松树幼苗则会在白天撤退到森林地区。这种损害为真菌的侵入创造了机会,尤其是有关植物病原体的真菌,如镰刀菌,在农业环境中非常普遍。本研究旨在分析被森林动物破坏的松树幼苗的真菌生物群,重点研究从距离农村地区不同距离的十个林场采集的受侵染松树幼苗中存在的相关病原体。从距离农村地区不同距离的 10 个林场采集了被森林动物咬伤的松树苗样本。测定了选定的多样性指数,以比较真菌种群。利用培养和 qPCR 方法对啃咬的松树嫩枝进行了真菌学分析,发现了 746 个真菌菌落。最常见的分离菌种是在所有研究地块的样本中都发现了 Fusarium avenaceum、Alternaria alternata、Botrytis sp.、Cladosporium cladosporioides、Penicillium 属的代表菌、Rhizopus nigricans 和 Fusarium oxysporum,因此它们无处不在。农作物的典型病原体,如 Fusarium avenaceum、F. culmorum、F. poae、F. sporotrichioides 和 F. tricinctum,也从邻近农田的林场中受损的幼苗组织中分离出来。斯皮尔曼等级相关性分析表明,以镰刀菌属物种为代表的次生病原体的重要性随着与农田距离的增加而降低,而原生病原体的重要性则增加了。松树幼苗的物种多样性较低,特定次生病原体种类的流行率较高,而且在受到森林动物的组织破坏时,幼苗比老苗更容易受到感染。这些发现不仅强调了人工林与农田邻近程度的差异,还表明真菌有可能在土地间传播,强调了在农业和林业领域采取综合管理策略的必要性。
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来源期刊
European Journal of Plant Pathology
European Journal of Plant Pathology 农林科学-农艺学
CiteScore
4.20
自引率
5.60%
发文量
183
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: The European Journal of Plant Pathology is an international journal publishing original articles in English dealing with fundamental and applied aspects of plant pathology; considering disease in agricultural and horticultural crops, forestry, and in natural plant populations. The types of articles published are :Original Research at the molecular, physiological, whole-plant and population levels; Mini-reviews on topics which are timely and of global rather than national or regional significance; Short Communications for important research findings that can be presented in an abbreviated format; and Letters-to-the-Editor, where these raise issues related to articles previously published in the journal. Submissions relating to disease vector biology and integrated crop protection are welcome. However, routine screenings of plant protection products, varietal trials for disease resistance, and biological control agents are not published in the journal unless framed in the context of strategic approaches to disease management.
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